Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy (eBook)

Front cover 1
Title page 5
Copyright page 6
ABOUT THE EDITOR 7
Table of contents 9
FOREWORD 13
PREFACE 17
SECTION I: Conceptualization of the Animal–Human Bond: The Foundation for Understanding Animal-Assisted Therapy 21
CHAPTER 1: Animal-Assisted Interventions in Historical Perspective 23
I. INTRODUCTION 23
II. ANIMAL SOULS AND SPIRITUAL HEALING 24
III. ANIMAL POWERS AND SHAMANISM 26
IV. ANIMISM IN CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL TIMES 27
V. ANIMALS AS AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION 31
VI. ANIMALS AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 33
VII. ANIMALS, RELAXATION, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT 34
VIII. CONCLUSIONS 36
REFERENCES 37
CHAPTER 2: Animal-Assisted Interventions in Mental Health: Definitions and Theoretical Foundations 41
I. INTRODUCTION 41
II. DEFINING ANIMAL-ASSISTED INTERVENTIONS 42
III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS 45
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 53
REFERENCES 54
CHAPTER 3: New and Old Perspectives on the Therapeutic Effects of Animals and Nature 59
REFERENCES 66
CHAPTER 4: Animals as Social Supports:Insights for UnderstandingAnimal-Assisted Therapy 69
I. WHAT IS SOCIAL SUPPORT? 69
II. ORIGINS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT RESEARCH 71
III. CAN RELATIONSHIPS WITH PET ANIMALS PROVIDESOCIAL SUPPORT? 73
IV. TESTS OF THE SOCIAL SUPPORT MODEL 77
V. PETS AS FACILITATORS OF SOCIAL CONTACT 85
VI. CAN SUPPORT MODELS BE EXTENDEDTO EXPLAIN THE SUCCESS OF ANIMAL-ASSISTEDTHERAPY PROGRAMS? 86
REFERENCES 89
CHAPTER 5: Community Context andPsychosocial Benefits ofAnimal Companionship 93
I. COMMUNITY CONTEXT AFFECTING THE HUMAN–ANIMAL RELATIONSHIP 93
II. PETS ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF LIFE 97
III. NORMALIZING EFFECTS OF ANIMALS 108
IV. INDIVIDUALITY IN HUMAN RESPONSES TO ANIMALS 109
V. CONCLUSIONS 111
REFERENCES 111
CHAPTER 6: The Animal–Human Bond: Health and Wellness 115
I. HEALTH BENEFITS FROM ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY 117
II. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR HEALTH BENEFITS 119
III. EXPERIMENTAL OR QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 123
IV. DISCUSSION 130
V. CONCLUSION 133
REFERENCES 133
SECTION II: Animal-Assisted Therapy: Conceptual Model and Guidelines for Quality Assurance 139
CHAPTER 7: The Art of Animal Selection for Animal-Assisted Activity and Therapy Programs 141
I. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ANIMAL SELECTION PROCEDURES 142
II. EVALUATION CRITERIA 143
III. FIT OF SELECTION PROCEDURES 146
MAINTAINING THE BALANCE 154
IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF ANIMALS 158
ANIMALS AS TOOLS OR COLLEAGUES IN THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS 160
THE LANGUAGE OF PERSONAL SPACE 160
HUMAN HEALING OR ANIMAL STRESS: IS THERE A TRADE-OFF? 162
AT THE END OF THE DAY 163
REFERENCES 166
CHAPTER 8: Designing and Implementing Animal-Assisted Therapy Programs in Health and Mental Health Organizations 169
I. INTRODUCTION 169
II. ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY 170
III. THE GREEN CHIMNEYS MODEL 171
IV. ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES 172
V. PROGRAM DESIGN ISSUES 173
VI. ANIMAL SELECTION 174
VII. COST EFFECTIVENESS 175
VIII. LIABILITY 176
IX. OUTCOMES 176
X. INFECTION CONTROL ISSUES 177
XI. RULES THAT GUIDE ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY PROGRAMS 177
XII. PRINCIPLES THAT GUIDE ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY PROGRAMS 179
XIII. CONCLUSIONS 181
REFERENCES 181
SECTION III: Best Practices in Animal-Assisted Therapy: Guidelines for Use of Animal-Assisted Therapy with Special Populations 185
CHAPTER 9: Incorporating Animal-Assisted Therapy into Psychotherapy: Guidelines and Suggestions for Therapists 187
I. INTRODUCTION 187
II. THE NEED FOR RESEARCH 188
III. OBJECTIVE OF CHAPTER 189
IV. ROLE OF ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY (AAT) IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: IS THERE SUCH A THING AS AN AAT Rx? 189
V. CONSIDERATION 1: WHY CLINICIANS MAY FIND ANIMALS THERAPEUTICALLY BENEFICIAL 190
VI. CONSIDERATION 2: THE THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENT—ANIMALS AS AN ASPECT OF MILIEU THERAPY 197
VII. CONSIDERATION 3: INCORPORATING THEORY INTO PRACTICE—AAT FROM A LIFE STAGE PERSPECTIVE 200
VIII. CONSIDERATION 4: THE EXTENSION OF LIVE ANIMALS—UTILIZING SYMBOLISM AND METAPHORS OF ANIMALS 206
IX. CONSIDERATION 5: THERAPEUTIC ALTERNATIVES UTILIZING ANIMALS—EXPANDING OUR CLIENTS’ TRADITIONAL THERAPY 209
X. CONSIDERATION 6: PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR CLINICIANS’ USE OF ANIMALS 215
XI. CONCLUSIONS 222
REFERENCES 222
CHAPTER 10: Animals in the Lives of Children 227
I. WHERE ARE ANIMALS IN CHILDREN’S LIVES? 228
II. WHAT DO ANIMALS MEAN IN CHILDREN’S LIVES? 229
III. GENERAL ISSUES FOR AAT WITH CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES 242
REFERENCES 244
CHAPTER 11: A 4-Year Trial of Animal-Assisted Therapy with Public School Special Education Students 247
I. INTRODUCTION 247
II. PROGRAM METHOD 248
III. INFORMED CONSENT 249
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 250
V. RESULTS 251
VI. DISCUSSION 257
VII. CONCLUSIONS 261
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 261
REFERENCES 262
CHAPTER 12: Clinical Approaches to Assessing and Utilizing Animal-Related Experiences in Therapeutic Interventions with Children, Adolescents, and Their Caregivers 263
I. INTRODUCTION 263
II. WHY IT IS IMPORTANT FOR CLINICIANS TO ROUTINELY ASSESS FOR THE CHILD’S ANIMAL-RELATED EXPERIENCES 264
III. CLINICAL EXAMPLES OF INTERVENTIONS THAT ADDRESS THE ANIMAL-RELATED EXPERIENCES OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN THE LARGER CONTEXT OF THERAPY 271
IV. CONCLUSION 277
APPENDIX A 278
REFERENCES 280
CHAPTER 13: Characteristics of Animal-Assisted Therapy/Activity in Specialized Settings 283
I. INTRODUCTION 283
II. VARIATION OF ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY AND ANIMAL-ASSISTED ACTIVITY (AAA/AAT) IN SPECIALIZED SETTINGS 285
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURES AND APPROACHES OF AAA/AAT 297
IV. AAA/AAT AND THE HUMAN–ANIMAL TEAM MODEL 298
V. RESEARCH AND EVALUATION 298
VI. CONCLUSIONS 302
REFERENCES 302
CHAPTER 14: Human–Animal Interaction and Successful Aging 307
I. SUCCESSFUL AGING 307
II. HEALTH-PROMOTING BEHAVIOR AND SUCCESSFUL AGING 308
III. HUMAN–COMPANION ANIMAL INTERACTIONS AND SUCCESSFUL AGING 309
IV. PET SELECTION 314
V. GUIDELINES FOR ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY WITH OLDER ADULTS 319
REFERENCES 320
CHAPTER 15: History, Development, and Theory of Human–Animal Support Services for People with AIDS/HIV and Other Disabling/Chronic Conditions 323
I. INTRODUCTION 325
II. CHRONIC AND TERMINAL ILLNESS 327
III. HOW ANIMALS HELP CHILDREN AND ADULTS ADAPT TO THEIR ILLNESS 330
IV. THE ROLE OF PETS 335
V. THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY AND FAMILY 337
VI. THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PET-ASSOCIATED ZOONOSES AND AIDS 338
VII. HOW PAWS DEVELOPED TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR PEOPLE WITH AIDS WITH PETS 340
VIII. SERVICES PROVIDED BY PETS ARE WONDERFUL SUPPORT (PAWS) 343
IX. EXAMPLES OF HUMAN–ANIMAL SUPPORT SERVICE PROGRAMS 349
X. GETTING STARTED 349
XI. CONCLUSION 350
APPENDIX 1: EDUCATING PEOPLE ABOUT PET-ASSOCIATED ZOONOSES, BY STEPHANIE WONG, DVM 350
APPENDIX 2: SAFE PET GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTING ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS (2006) 354
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 372
REFERENCES 372
CHAPTER 16: Animal Abuse and Developmental Psychopathology: Recent Research, Programmatic, and Therapeutic Issues and Challenges for the Future 375
I. OVERVIEW 375
II. THE CONFLUENCE OF ANIMAL MALTREATMENT AND INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 376
III. PROGRAMMATIC RESPONSES TO THE “LINK” BETWEEN VIOLENCE TO PEOPLE AND ANIMALS 387
IV. CLINICAL CASE STUDY 393
APPENDIX: FORMAT FOR TRACKING ANIMAL CRUELTY 404
REFERENCES 404
SECTION IV: Special Topics and Concerns in Animal-Assisted Therapy 409
CHAPTER 17: Measuring the Bond: Instruments Used to Assess the Impact of Animal-Assisted Therapy 411
CENSHARE PET ATTACHMENT SCALE, PAS 413
COMPANION ANIMAL BONDING SCALE, CABS 415
LEXINGTON ATTACHMENT TO PETS SCALE, LAPS 418
MEASUREMENT OF PET INTERVENTION, MOPI 420
PET ATTITUDE SCALE–MODIFIED, PAS-M 422
PET RELATIONSHIP SCALE, PRS 427
LIST OF SIMILAR MEASURES 431
CHAPTER 18: Techniques for Searching the Animal-Assisted Therapy Literature 433
I. WHO WANTS WHAT INFORMATION 434
II. HOW TO BEGIN A SEARCH 435
III. WHERE TO SEARCH 435
IV. CONCLUSION 441
REFERENCES 441
CHAPTER 19: “Old Wine in a New Bottle”: New Strategies for Humane Education 445
I. ORIGINS OF A PARADIGM 447
II. SQUANDERED OPPORTUNITIES 448
III. CHALLENGES TO HUMANE EDUCATION 450
IV. OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES 457
V. SHIFTING A PARADIGM: THREE KEY ELEMENTS 460
VI. HUMANE EDUCATION INNOVATIONS 461
VII. CONCLUSION 466
REFERENCES 467
CHAPTER 20: Welfare Considerations in Therapy and Assistance Animals 473
I. INTRODUCTION 473
II. GENERAL WELFARE CONSIDERATIONS 475
III. ANIMALS USED IN THERAPY 478
IV. SERVICE/ASSISTANCE ANIMALS 482
V. END-USER PROBLEMS 488
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 489
APPENDIX: ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE CARE AND SUPERVISION OF ANIMALS WHILE UTILIZED IN AAT OR AAA 491
REFERENCES 492
CHAPTER 21: Role of the Veterinary Family Practitioner in Animal-Assisted Therapy and Animal-Assisted Activity Programs 495
I. THE ORIGIN OF VETERINARY FAMILY PRACTICES 495
II. ROLE OF VETERINARIANS IN ANIMAL-ASSISTED 496
III. SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE VETERINARY FAMILY PRACTITIONER 504
IV. CONCLUSION 505
REFERENCES 505
CHAPER 22: The Future of Research, Education, and Clinical Practice in the Animal–Human Bond and Animal-Assisted Therapy 507
Part A: The Role of Ethology in the Field of Human–Animal Relations and Animal-Assisted Therapy 507
I. INTRODUCTION 507
II. UNANSWERED RESEARCH QUESTIONS 511
III. A MODEL CURRICULUM FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION IN ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY AND ANIMAL-ASSISTED ACTIVITIES 513
REFERENCES 516
Part B: Human–Animal Interactions and Health: Best Evidence and Where We Go from Here 519
I. INTRODUCTION 519
II. REVIEWS 520
III. BUILDING THE EVIDENCE 523
IV. ESTABLISHING THE CHALLENGES TO HUMAN–ANIMAL INTERACTION RESEARCH 525
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 530
REFERENCES 530
Part C: The Role of Animal-Assisted Therapy in Clinical Practice: The Importance of Demonstrating Empirically Oriented Psychotherapies 533
I. SKILL OF THE THERAPIST 534
II. WHAT CONSTITUTES GOOD THERAPY? 535
III. HOW BEST TO STUDY ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY? 537
IV. ESTABLISHING LEVELS OF PROOF: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND METAPHYSICAL EVIDENCE 538
V. GAINING RESPECTABILITY FOR ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY 540
VI. EPILOGUE 541
REFERENCES 542
INDEX 545