Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience at a Glance

Roger A. Barker BA, MBBS, MRCP, PhD, FMedSci, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Francesca Cicchetti PhD, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Université Laval, Québec, Canada. Emma S.J. Robinson PhD, FBPhS, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Introduction ix

Acknowledgements x

List of abbreviations xi

Companion website xv

Part 1 Anatomical and functional organization 1

1 Development of the nervous system 2

2 Organization of the nervous system 4

3 Autonomic nervous system 6

4 Enteric nervous system 8

5 Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid 10

6 Blood supply to the central nervous system 12

7 Cranial nerves 14

8 Anatomy of the brainstem 16

9 Organization of the spinal cord 18

10 Organization of the cerebral cortex and thalamus 20

11 Hypothalamus 22

Part 2 Cells and neurophysiology 25

12 Cells of the nervous system I: neurones 26

13 Cells of the nervous system II: neuroglial cells 28

14 Ion channels 30

15 Resting membrane and action potential 32

16 Neuromuscular junction and synapses 34

17 Nerve conduction and synaptic integration 36

18 Neurotransmitters, receptors and their pathways 38

19 Main CNS neurotransmitters and their function 40

20 Skeletal muscle structure 42

21 Skeletal muscle contraction 44

Part 3 Sensory systems 47

22 Sensory systems: an overview 48

23 Sensory transduction 50

24 Visual system I: the eye and retina 52

25 Visual system II: the visual pathways and subcortical visual areas 54

26 Visual system III: visual cortical areas 56

27 Auditory system I: the ear and cochlea 58

28 Auditory system II: auditory pathways and language 60

29 Vestibular system 62

30 Olfaction and taste 64

31 Somatosensory system 66

32 Pain systems I: nociceptors and nociceptive pathways 68

33 Pain systems II: pharmacology and management 70

34 Association cortices: the posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex 72

Part 4 Motor systems 75

35 Organization of the motor system 76

36 Muscle spindle and lower motor neurone 78

37 Spinal cord motor organization and locomotion 80

38 Cortical motor areas 82

39 Primary motor cortex 84

40 Basal ganglia: anatomy and physiology 86

41 Basal ganglia: diseases and their treatments 88

42 Cerebellum 91

Part 5 Cognition and neural plasticity 95

43 Reticular formation and sleep 96

44 Limbic system and long-term potentiation 98

45 Memory 100

46 Emotion, motivation and drug addiction 102

47 Neural plasticity and neurotrophic factors I: the peripheral nervous system 104

48 Neural plasticity and neurotrophic factors II: the central nervous system 106

49 Techniques for studying the nervous system 108

Part 6 Applied neurobiology: the principles of neurology and psychiatry 111

50 Approach to the patient with neurological problems 112

51 Examination of the nervous system 114

52 Investigation of the nervous system 116

53 Imaging of the central nervous system 118

54 Clinical disorders of the sensory systems 120

55 Clinical disorders of the motor systems 122

56 Eye movements 124

57 Neurochemical disorders I: affective disorders 126

58 Neurochemical disorders II: schizophrenia 128

59 Neurochemical disorders III: anxiety 130

60 Neurodegenerative disorders 132

61 Neurophysiological disorders: epilepsy 134

62 Neuroimmunological disorders 136

63 Neurogenetic disorders 138

64 Cerebrovascular disease 140

65 Neuroradiological anatomy 142

Part 7 History of neuroscientific discoveries 145

66 Historical neuroscience discoveries 146

Part 8 Self-assessment case studies 149

Case studies and questions 150

Answers 156

Index 161