List of abbreviations

ACA

anterior cerebral artery

ACE-r

Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination, revized

ACh

acetylcholine

AChE

acetylcholinesterase

AChR

acetylcholine receptor

ACTH

adenocorticotrophic hormone

ADH

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

ADHD

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ANS

autonomic nervous system

APP

amyloid precursor protein

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

AVM

arteriovenous malformation

BBB

blood–brain barrier

BDNF

brain derived neurotrophic factor

BM

basilar membrane

BMP

bone morphogenic protein

BPPV

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

BSAEP

brainstem auditory-evoked potential

CAA

cerebral amyloid angiopathy

CADASIL

cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy

cAMP

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CBM

cerebellum

CCK

cholecystokinin

cf

climbing fibre

cGMP

cyclic guanosine monophosphate

CMCT

central motor conduction time

CMUA

continuous motor unit activity

CNF

cuneiform nucleus

CNS

central nervous system

CNTF

ciliary neurotrophic factor

COMT

catecholamine-O-methyltransferase

CoST

corticospinal tract

COX

cyclo-oxygenase

CPAP

continuous positive airway pressure

CPG

central pattern generator

CPK

creatine phosphokinase

CRH

corticotrophin-releasing hormone

CRPS

complex regional pain syndrome

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

CT

computed tomography

CVA

cerebrovascular accident

DA

dopamine

DAG

diacylglycerol

DAT

dementia of the Alzheimer type

DAT

dopamine transporter (scan)

dB

decibel

DC

dorsal column

DCN

dorsal cochlear nucleus

DoCN

dorsal column nuclei

DCNN

deep cerebellar nuclei neurone

DMD

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

DREADD

Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs

DRG

dorsal root ganglion

DSCT

dorsal spinocerebellar tract

DSIP

delta sleep-inducing peptide

DSM-V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition

ECG

electrocardiography/electrocardiogram

ECT

electroconvulsive therapy

EEG

electroencephalography/electroencephalogram

EMG

electromyography/electromyogram

ENS

enteric nervous system

EP

evoked potential

epp

end-plate potential

EPSP

excitatory postsynaptic potential

FDG

[18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose

FEF

frontal eye field(s)

fMRI

functional magnetic resonance imaging

FTD

fronto-temporal dementia

GABA

γ-aminobutyric acid

GAD

glutamic acid decarboxylase

GDNF

glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor

GoC

Golgi cell

GPe

globus pallidus, external segment

GPi

globus pallidus, internal segment

G-protein

guanosine triphosphate-binding protein

GrC

granule cell

GTO

Golgi tendon organ

GWAS

genome-wide association study

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

HLA

histocompatibility locus antigen

HMM

heavy meromyosin

HMSN

hereditary motor sensory neuropathy

HPA

hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal

HPLC

high-performance liquid chromatography

5-HT

5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

HTM

high-threshold mechanoreceptor

Hz

hertz

IC

inferior colliculus

ICA

internal carotid artery

IHC

inner hair cell

ILN

intralaminar nuclei (of the thalamus)

IN

interneurone

IP3

inositol triphosphate

IPAN

intrinsic primary afferent neurones

iPS

induced pluripotent stem cell

IPSP

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

JPS

joint position sense

LC

locus coeruleus

LEMS

Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome

LGMD

limb girdle muscular dystrophy

LGN

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

LMM

light meromyosin

LMN

lower motor neurone

LTD

long-term depression

LTP

long-term potentiation

MAO

monoamine oxidase

MAOA

monoamine oxidase type A

MAOB

monoamine oxidase type B

MAOI

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

MCA

middle cerebral artery

mepp

miniature end-plate potential

MGN

medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

MHC

major histocompatibility complex

MLF

medial longitudinal fasciculus

MMSE

Mini Mental State Examination

MN

motor neurone

MND

motor neurone disease

MRA

magnetic resonance angiography

MRC

Medical Research Council

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

MRV

magnetic resonance venography

MsI

primary motor cortex

MUSK

muscle-specific kinase

NA

noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

nAChR

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

NCS

nerve conduction studies

NFT

neurofibrillary tangle

NGF

nerve growth factor

NMDA

N-methyl-D-aspartate

NMDA-R

N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor

NMJ

neuromuscular junction

NO

nitric oxide

NS

neostriatum

NSAID

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

NSF

N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein

OB

olfactory bulb

OCD

obsessive compulsive disorder

OD

ocular dominance

OHC

outer hair cell

OSA

obstructive sleep apnoea

PCA

posterior cerebral artery

PCR

polymerase chain reaction

PET

positron emission tomography

pf

parallel fibre

PG

prostaglandin

PICA

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

PMC

premotor cortex

PMN

polymodal nociceptors

PMP

peripheral myelin protein

PNS

peripheral nervous system

PPC

posterior parietal cortex

PPN

pedunculopontine nucleus

PPRF

paramedian pontine reticular
formation

PuC

Purkinje cell

RA

rapidly adapting receptor

REM

rapid eye movement

ReST

reticulospinal tract

riMLF

rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus

RMS

rostral migratory stream

RuST

rubrospinal tract

SA

slowly adapting receptor

SCA

spinocerebellar ataxia

SCT

spinocerebellar tract

SHH

sonic hedgehog

SLE

systemic lupus erythematosus

SMA

supplementary motor area

SmI

primary somatosensory cortex

SmII

second somatosensory area

SNAP

soluble NSF attachment protein

SNARE

SNAP receptor

SNc

substantia nigra pars compacta

SNP

senile neuritic plaque

SNr

substantia nigra pars reticulata

SNS

sympathetic nervous system

SOC

superior olivary complex

SP

substance P

SPECT

single photon emission computed tomography

SR

sarcoplasmic reticulum

SSRI

selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor

STN

subthalamic nucleus

STT

spinothalamic tract

SUDEP

sudden unexpected death

SVZ

subventricular zone

SWS

slow-wave sleep

T

Tesla

tDCS

transcranial direct-current stimulation

TENS

transcutaneous nerve stimulation

TIA

transient ischaemic attack

TM

tectorial membrane

TMS

transcranial magnetic stimulation

TNF

tumour necrosis factor

TRH

thyrotrophin-releasing hormone

T-tubule

transverse tubule

UMN

upper motor neurone

UPR

unfolded protein response

UPS

ubiquitin–proteosome system

V1

primary visual cortex (Brodmann's area 17)

VA–VL

ventroanterior–ventrolateral nuclei of the...