Handbook of Elemental Speciation

Rita Cornelis, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, The Netherlands.

List of Contributors. Preface.

Technical Abbreviations and Acronyms.

1 Introduction.

2 Sampling: Collection, Storage.

2.1 Sampling: Collection, Processing and Storage of Environmental Samples.

2.2 Sampling of Clinical Samples: Collection and Storage.

2.3 Food: Sampling with Special Reference to Legislation, Uncertainty and Fitness for Purpose.

2.4 Sampling: Collection, Storage – Occupational Health.

3 Sample Preparation.

3.1 Sample Treatment for Speciation Analysis in Biological Samples.

3.2 Sample Preparation Techniques for Elemental Speciation Studies.

3.3 Sample Preparation – Fractionation (Sediments, Soils, Aerosols and Fly Ashes).

4 Separation Techniques.

4.1 Liquid Chromatography.

4.2 Gas Chromatography and Other Gas Based Methods.

4.3 Capillary Electrophoresis in Speciation Analysis.

4.4 Gel Electrophoresis for Speciation Purposes.

5 Detection.

5.1 Atomic Absorption and Atomic Emission Spectrometry.

5.2 Flow Injection Atomic Spectrometry for Speciation.

5.3 Detection by ICP-Mass Spectrometry.

5.4 Plasma Source Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry: a Powerful Tool for Elemental Speciation.

5.5 Glow Discharge Plasmas as Tunable Sources for Elemental Speciation.

5.6 Electrospray Methods for Elemental Speciation.

5.7 Elemental Speciation by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry with High Resolution Instruments.

5.8 On-line Elemental Speciation with Functionalised Fused Silica Capillaries in Combination with DIN-ICP-MS.

5.9 Speciation Analysis by Electrochemical Methods.

5.10 Future Instrumental Development for Speciation.

5.11 Biosensors for Monitoring of Metal Ions.

5.12 Possibilities Offered by Radiotracers for Method Development in Elemental Speciation Analysis and for Metabolic and Environmentally Related Speciation Studies.

6 Direct Speciation of Solids.

6.1 Characterization of Individual Aerosol Particles with Special Reference to Speciation Techniques.

6.2 Direct Speciation of Solids: X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy for Species Analysis in Solid Samples.

7 Calibration.

7.1 Calibration in Elemental Speciation Analysis.

7.2 Reference Materials.

8 Screening Methods for Semiquantitative Speciation Analysis.

9 Risk Assessments/Regulations.

9.1 Environmental Risk Assessment and the Bioavailability of Elemental Species.

9.2 Speciation and Legislation.

Index.