Handbook of Elemental Speciation II

Rita Cornelis, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, The Netherlands.

List of Contributors vii

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

Technical Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii

1 Introduction 1

2 Element by Element Review 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Speciation of Aluminum 7

2.2.1 Speciation of Aluminum in the Environment 7

2.2.2 Speciation of Aluminum in Food: Sources, Including Potable Water 20

2.2.3 Speciation of Aluminum in Clinical Aspects (Health & Disease) 27

2.2.4 Speciation of Aluminum in Occupational Health 40

2.3 Speciation of Antimony 47

2.4 Speciation of Arsenic 69

2.4.1 Arsenic and Arsenic Species in Environment and Human Nutrition 69

2.4.2 Arsenic Speciation in Human Tissues 86

2.5 Speciation of Cadmium 94

2.5.1 Speciation of Cadmium in the Environment and Food 94

2.5.2 Speciation of Cadmium in Health and Disease 107

2.6 Speciation of Chromium 120

2.6.1 Speciation of Chromium in Environment and Food 120

2.6.2 Speciation of Chromium in Occupational Exposure and Clinical Aspects 136

2.7 Speciation of Cobalt 158

2.8 Speciation of Copper 174

2.8.1 Speciation of Copper in the Environment 174

2.8.2 Speciation of Copper in Clinical and Occupational Aspects 187

2.9 Speciation of Iron 200

2.9.1 Speciation of Iron in the Environment 200

2.9.2 Iron Speciation in Biomedicine 218

2.10 Speciation of Lead 239

2.10.1 Environmental Speciation of Lead 239

2.10.2 Speciation of Lead in Food and Wine 247

2.10.3 Speciation of Lead in Occupational Exposure and Clinical Health Aspects  252

2.11 Speciation of Manganese 277

2.12 Speciation of Mercury: Environment, Food, Clinical, and Occupational Health 281

2.13 Speciation of Molybdenum 305

2.14 Speciation of Nickel 310

2.15 Speciation of Platinum, Palladium, Gold and Rhodium 327

2.15.1 Importance of Platinum Group Elements and Gold Speciation in the Environment and Medicine 327

2.15.2 Speciation of Platinum Group Elements and Gold in Occupational Exposure 338

2.16 Speciation of Selenium 346

2.17 Speciation of Silicon 366

2.18 Speciation of Sulfur 378

2.19 Speciation of Thallium 408

2.20 Speciation of Tin 422

2.21 Speciation of Vanadium 464

2.22 Speciation of Zinc 488

2.23 Speciation of Actinides 509

2.24 Speciation of Halogen Compounds 564

2.25 Volatile Metal Compounds of Biogenic Origin 598

2.26 Metal Complexes of Humic Substances 621

2.27 Selected Examples of Important Metal–Protein Species 638

3 Modeling of Elemental Species 651

3.1 Thermodynamic Modeling of Trace Element Partitioning in the Environment: New Concepts and Outlook 651

3.2 Modeling in Nutrition The Metabolism of Selenium, Copper, Zinc and Calcium Using Stable Isotopes in Humans 690

3.3 Modeling of Trace Element Species in Health and Disease 713

3.3.1 Pharmacokinetic Approach and Mathematical Modeling 715

3.3.2 Modeling of Biological Ligand Binding 728

4 Speciation and the Emerging Legislation 737

Index 745