Front Cover 1
Aging: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 14
Section 1 - OXIDATIVE STRESS AND AGING 16
Chapter 1 - Oxidative Stress and Frailty: A Closer Look at the Origin of a Human Aging Phenotype 18
INTRODUCTION 18
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND AGING 19
FRAILTY 19
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND FRAILTY 21
UNANSWERED QUESTIONS 27
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 27
SUMMARY POINTS 28
References 28
Chapter 2 - Skin Aging and Oxidative Stress 30
INTRODUCTION 30
THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SKIN 30
MEASURING SKIN AGING 31
CELLULAR CORRELATES OF SKIN AGING 31
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INTRINSIC SKIN AGING 32
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN AGING 33
PHOTOAGING 34
CONCLUSIONS 36
SUMMARY POINTS 36
References 36
Chapter 3 - Cardiovascular Disease in Aging and the Role of Oxidative Stress 38
INTRODUCTION 38
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AGING CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 40
THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AS APPLIED TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 41
LONGEVITY GENES AND THE LONGEVITY NETWORK 44
OTHER GENES AND PATHWAYS IN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND AGE-RELATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 48
SUMMARY POINTS 51
References 51
Chapter 4 - Oxidative Stress, Aging and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Liver Pathology 54
INTRODUCTION 54
EVIDENCE FOR AGE-ASSOCIATED MORPHOLOGIC, STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER 55
EVIDENCE FOR AGE-ASSOCIATED LOSS OF MITOCHONDRIAL BIOENERGETICS IN LIVER 55
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSES IN LIVER AGING 56
OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO THE NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES IN LIVER AGING 58
MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND LIVER-ASSOCIATED DISEASE 60
CONCLUSION 62
SUMMARY POINTS 62
References 62
Chapter 5 - Arthritis as a Disease of Aging and Changes in Antioxidant Status 64
INTRODUCTION 64
THE CONCEPT OF OXYGEN TOXICITY AND FREE RADICALS 65
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ARTHRITIS 67
SUMMARY POINTS 72
References 73
Chapter 6 - Diabetes as a Disease of Aging, and the Role of Oxidative Stress 76
INTRODUCTION 76
TYPE 2 DIABETES AND AGING 76
THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HUMAN DISEASE 80
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES AND AGING 80
CONCLUSION 83
SUMMARY POINTS 83
References 83
Section 2 - ANTIOXIDANTS AND AGING 86
Chapter 7 - Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Elderly Women 88
INTRODUCTION 88
ROLE OF ESTROGEN IN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE IN ELDERLY WOMEN 88
ROLE OF TELOMERE LENGTH IN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE IN ELDERLY WOMEN 89
DIETARY ANTIOXIDANT THERAPIES IN ELDERLY WOMEN 90
SUMMARY POINTS 93
References 93
Chapter 8 - Antioxidants, Vegetarian Diets and Aging 96
INTRODUCTION 96
HUMAN AGING: WHY AND HOW DOES IT OCCUR, AND WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF AGING? 96
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND AGING 97
LOWERING OXIDATIVE STRESS: THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS IN INCREASING HEALTHSPAN 99
ANTIOXIDANTS IN FOOD 100
VEGETARIAN DIET, ANTIOXIDANTS, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HEALTHSPAN 102
ANTIOXIDANTS AND HEALTH: MOLECULAR CONNECTIONS AND RESEARCH NEEDS 103
SUMMARY POINTS 105
References 105
Chapter 9 - Enteral Nutrition to Increase Antioxidant Defenses in Elderly Patients 108
INTRODUCTION 108
ENTERAL NUTRITION IN ELDERLY PATIENTS 108
ENTERAL NUTRITION WITH ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES 109
ENTERAL NUTRITION WITH WHEY PROTEIN 109
THE ROLE OF VITAMINS AND MICRONUTRIENTS WITH ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES 110
CONCLUSION 112
SUMMARY POINTS 112
References 112
Chapter 10 - Herbs and Spices in Aging 114
INTRODUCTION 114
SPICES 114
Herbs 117
SEAWEEDS 119
SUMMARY POINTS 120
References 121
Chapter 11 - Coenzyme Q10 as an Antioxidant in the Elderly 124
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE 124
AGING 124
COENZYME Q10 125
CONCLUSIONS 130
SUMMARY POINTS 130
References 130
Chapter 12 - Vitamin C and Physical Performance in the Elderly 134
INTRODUCTION 134
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND EXERCISE 135
OXIDATIVE STRESS, VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTATION, AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE 136
EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY 136
INTERVENTION STUDY 139
CONCLUSIONS 141
SUMMARY POINTS 141
References 141
Chapter 13 - Tryptophan and Melatonin-Enriched Foodstuffs to Improve Antioxidant Status in Aging 144
INTRODUCTION 144
DIETARY TRYPTOPHAN AND MELATONIN: SOURCES OF HEALTH 145
CONSUMPTION OF FOODSTUFFS CONTAINING BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS TO PROTECT AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS 148
SUMMARY POINTS 149
Acknowledgments 149
References 149
Chapter 14 - Protective Effects of Vitamin C on Age-Related Bone and Skin Phenotypes Caused by Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species 152
INTRODUCTION 152
SOD1 DEFICIENCY INDUCES BONE LOSS 153
VITAMIN C PREVENTS BONE LOSS IN SOD1-DEFICIENT MICE 153
VITAMIN C IMPROVES BONE LOSS INDUCED BY ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY 155
MECHANICAL UNLOADING INDUCES ROS PRODUCTION AND BONE LOSS 155
SKIN ATROPHY IN SOD1-DEFICIENT MICE 155
A VITAMIN C DERIVATIVE IMPROVES SKIN ATROPHY IN SOD1-DEFICIENT MICE 156
SUMMARY POINTS 157
References 157
Chapter 15 - S-Equol, an Antioxidant Metabolite of Soy Daidzein, and Oxidative Stress in Aging: A Focus on Skin and on the Cardiovascular System 160
INTRODUCTION 160
PROPERTIES OF S-EQUOL 161
AGING SKIN 163
ISOFLAVONES AND AGING SKIN 163
S-EQUOL’S MECHANISM OF REDUCING OXIDATIVE STRESS IN SKIN 164
S-EQUOL AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 164
S-EQUOL’S MECHANISM FOR REDUCING OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 166
IMPORTANCE OF S-EQUOL EXPOSURE EARLY IN LIFE 167
SUMMARY POINTS 168
References 168
Chapter 16 - Magnesium, Oxidative Stress, and Aging Muscle 172
INTRODUCTION 172
MAGNESIUM METABOLISM IN OLDER ADULTS 173
MAGNESIUM, MUSCULAR PERFORMANCE, AND AGING MUSCLE 174
MAGNESIUM, EXERCISE, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 176
MAGNESIUM, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND THE AGING MUSCLE: THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION 176
MAGNESIUM, IMMUNE RESPONSES, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 177
CONSEQUENCES OF MAGNESIUM IMBALANCE WITH AGE 177
CONCLUSIONS 178
SUMMARY POINTS 178
References 179
Chapter 17 - Late-Life Depression and Antioxidant Supplements 182
INTRODUCTION 182
ANTIOXIDANTS AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGIC FUNCTIONS IN THE ELDERLY: EVIDENCE FOR ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY 183
SUMMARY POINTS 189
References 189
Chapter 18 - Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Role of Melatonin in Alzheimer’s Neurodegeneration 192
INTRODUCTION 192
MELATONIN: SYNTHESIS AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION 193
HOW FREE RADICALS ARE FORMED 196
SOME OXIDATIVE-STRESS-RELATED FACTS ABOUT THE BRAIN 198
WHERE DO FREE RADICALS COME FROM IN THE ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE BRAIN? 198
HOW DOES MELATONIN SCAVENGE FREE RADICALS? 202
MELATONIN STIMULATES ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEMS 204
BREAKING THE CYCLE NEUROINFLAMMATION.OXIDATIVE STRESS 205
MELATONIN: AN ANTI-A.AGENT 205
MELATONIN PRODUCTION DECREASES WITH AGE 206
CONCLUSIONS 206
References 206
Chapter 19 - Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants and Alzheimer’s Disease 210
INTRODUCTION 210
MITOCHONDRIAL REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AS PROBABLE MEDIATORS OF THE ABETA-INDUCED DAMAGE TO ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE NEURONS 211
MITOCHONDRIA-TARGETED ANTIOXIDANTS REDUCE THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF ABETA IN MODELS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE 211
MITOCHONDRIA-TARGETED ANTIOXIDANTS IMPROVE NEUROLOGIC RECOVERY AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY OR STROKE AND REDUCE THE RISK OF DEV... 213
THE GEROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SKQ1 214
SUMMARY POINTS 214
Acknowledgment 214
References 214
Chapter 20 - Downregulation of the Prooxidant Heart Failure Phenotype by Dietary and Nondietary Antioxidants 218
INTRODUCTION 218
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE: A PROOXIDANT PHENOTYPE 219
ANTIOXIDANTS DOWNREGULATE THE PROOXIDANT HEART FAILURE PHENOTYPE 221
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 223
SUMMARY POINTS 224
Acknowledgment 224
References 224
Chapter 21 - Overview of the Role of Antioxidant Vitamins as Protection Against Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Aging 228
INTRODUCTION 228
EFFECTS OF AGING ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 228
PRIMARY PREVENTIVE EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS FOR CVD 229
SECONDARY PREVENTIVE EFFECTS AND THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS FOR CVD 235
EFFECT OF MODIFICATION FACTORS 237
CONCLUSION 237
SUMMARY POINTS 237
References 237
Chapter 22 - Hypertension, Menopause and Natural Antioxidants in Foods and the Diet 240
INTRODUCTION 240
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HYPERTENSION: HIDDEN MECHANISMS 240
MENOPAUSE, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HYPERTENSION: PINK NETWORKING 241
NATURAL ANTIOXIDANT AGENTS 241
CONCLUSIONS 244
SUMMARY POINTS 244
References 244
Chapter 23 - Aging and Arthritis: Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Effects of Herbs and Spices 248
INTRODUCTION 248
TYPES OF FREE RADICAL AND THEIR GENERATION 248
THE PHENOMENON OF OXIDATIVE STRESS 249
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DISEASES 249
AGING AND DISEASES 249
ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEMS 252
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND HERBS 252
SUMMARY POINTS 259
References 259
Chapter 24 - Lycopene and Other Antioxidants in the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women 262
INTRODUCTION 262
OSTEOPOROSIS 262
OXIDATIVE STRESS 262
ANTIOXIDANTS 263
STUDIES ON THE ANTIOXIDANTS POLYPHENOLS AND LYCOPENE 265
GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 270
Acknowledgments 272
References 272
Chapter 25 - Zinc, Oxidative Stress in the Elderly and Implications for Inflammation 274
INTRODUCTION 274
DISCOVERY OF ZINC DEFICIENCY IN HUMANS 274
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ZINC DEFICIENCY 276
ZINC DEFICIENCY IN ELDERLY SUBJECTS 276
PROPOSED CONCEPT OF MECHANISM OF ZINC ACTION AS AN ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT 285
SUMMARY POINTS 287
References 289
Chapter 26 - Antioxidant Supplementation in the Elderly and Leukocytes 292
INTRODUCTION 292
CHANGES IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DURING AGING 292
THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN IMMUNE SENESCENCE 294
EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DURING AGING 297
CONCLUSION 300
SUMMARY POINTS 300
References 301
Chapter 27 - Metabolic Mobilization Strategies to Enhance the Use of Plant-Based Dietary Antioxidants for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes 304
INTRODUCTION 304
THE ROLE OF DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS AND PLANT PHENOLICS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES 304
INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT PLANT-BASED FOODS ON .-AMYLASE AND .-GLUCOSIDASE 307
ENHANCEMENT AND MOBILIZATION OF PLANT-BASED ANTIOXIDANTS, INCLUDING PHENOLICS 308
CONCLUSION 310
SUMMARY POINTS 310
References 310
Index 312