Reproductive Tissue Banking (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Contributors 16
Preface 18
Chapter 1. Utility of Viable Tissue Ex Vivo 20
I. Semen Banking 21
II. Embryo Banking 27
III. Oocyte Banking 32
IV. Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation 34
V. What Does the Future Hold for Reproductive Tissue Banking? 35
VI. Concluding Remarks 36
References 36
Chapter 2. Tissue Maturation in Vivo and in Vitro 42
I. Introduction 42
II. Oocyte Maturation 44
III. Maturation of Spermatozoa 83
IV. Preimplantation Embryonic Development 110
V. Concluding Remarks 130
References 130
Chapter 3. Metabolic Support of Normothermia 158
I. Why Care about Metabolism at Normothermic Conditions? 158
II. Overview of Metabolic Needs of Cells of Reproductive Interest 161
III. Scope of This Review 163
IV. Overview of Integrated ATP Metabolism 168
V. Examples of Metabolic Balance under Normothermic Conditions 172
VI. Effect of Modest Changes in Temperature on ATP Turnover 174
VII. Literature Survey of Metabolic Needs of Other Cells of Reproduction Interest 178
VIII. A Primer for Construction of an ATP Balance Sheet 180
IX. Summary and Dedication 183
References 184
Chapter 4. Pharmacological Interventions in Vitro 186
I. Introduction 186
II. General Characteristics of Drug Action 186
III. Receptor-Mediated Drug Action 188
IV. Pharmacokinetics: Drug Access 195
V. Gonadotropin Mediation of Folliculogenesis 201
IV. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 206
VII. Nonspecific Drug Action:Cryoprotectants (CPAs) 217
VIII. Conclusions 227
References 228
Chapter 5. Hypothermia and Mammalian Gametes 248
I. Introduction 248
II. Hypothermia and Mammalian Sperm 250
III. Membrane Organization and Thermotropic Phase Behavior 253
IV. Sperm Membrane Lipid Composition 257
V. Relationship of Sperm Lipid Composition to Cold Shock 259
VI. Development Changes in Cold Shock Sensitivity 261
VII. Thermotropic Phase Behavior of Sperm Membrane Lipids 261
VIII. Sperm Membrane Composition Relative to Phase Behavior of Mixed Lipid Systems 262
IX. Protection of Sperm from Hypothermic Effects 264
X. Conclusions 266
XI. Hypothermia and Mammalian Oocytes 267
XII. Overview of Mammalian Oocyte Structure 268
XIII. Effects of Cooling on Oocyte Structure 270
XIV. Interaction of Cooling and Cryoprotective Agents 274
XV. Effects of Hypothermia on Fertilization and Development 275
XVI. Preventing Hypothermic Damage to Mammalian Oocytes during Cryopreservation 276
XVII. Conclusions 276
References 277
Chapter 6. Fundamental Cryobiology of Mammalian Spermatozoa 282
I. The Importance of and Need for Cryopreservation of Spermatozoa 282
II. Functional Aspects of Spermatozoa 284
III. Fundamental Cryobiology of Mammalian Spermatozoa 297
D. Future Research Areas 331
References 332
Chapter 7. The Cryobiology of Mammalian Oocytes 348
I. Introduction 348
II. The History of Oocyte Cryopreservation 351
III. The Current Status of Mammalian Oocyte Cryobiology 352
IV. The Cryobiology of Various Mammalian Species Oocytes 357
V. Vitrification 364
VI. Summary 369
References 370
Chapter 8. Cryopreservation of Multicellular Embryos and Reproductive Tissues 378
I. Introduction 378
II. Cryopreservation of Reproductive Tissue 379
III. Fundamental Aspects of Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation 386
IV. Cryopreservation of Preimplantation Embryos 395
V. Approaches to Embryo Cryopreservation 403
VI. Summary 411
References 412
Chapter 9. Genome Resource Banking 418
I. Introduction 418
II. An Introduction to Biodiversity 419
III. Why Conserve Bio- and Genetic Diversity? 420
IV. How Complex Is the Task of Conserving Biological and Genetic Diversity? 424
V. A Role for Our Science in Conservation Biology 426
VI. General Types of Conservation Need 427
VII. Conservation of Crops and Livestock 428
VIII. Conservation of Laboratory Animals, Invertebrates, and Microorganisms 432
IX. GRBs for Wildlife Conservation„Advantages for the Endangered OtboeŽ 433
X. Organizational Planning for Effective Wildlife GRBs 440
XI. Science and Societal Needs to Achieve Biotic Cryoconservation 448
XII. Summary 454
References 455
Chapter 10. Implications of Tissue Banking for Human Reproductive Medicine 460
I. Introduction 460
II. Reproductive Technology Serving Medicine 462
III. Economic Impact of Reproductive Technology in America 463
IV. Social Issues in Reproductive Technology 466
V. American Regulation of Reproductive Technologies 472
VI. Social Interaction with Genetic Technology Working through Reproductive Medicine 474
VII. Conclusion 477
References 479
Index 484