Z Score Neurofeedback (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Z Score Neurofeedback 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
List of Contributors 14
1 History and Technical Foundations of Z Score EEG Biofeedback 16
Introduction 16
First Use of Gaussian Probabilities to Identify “Dysregulation” in the Brain 17
Application of Gaussian Probability Distributions to Instantaneous Z Score Biofeedback and Why JTFA Z Scores Are Smaller th... 19
Simplification and Standardization 20
Individualized EEG Biofeedback Protocols 20
Implementation of the Z Score Biofeedback 22
JTFA Complex Demodulation Computations 23
Z Scores and QEEG Normative Databases 23
Standardization by Amplifier Matching and QEEG Normative Databases 25
Age Groupings of the Instantaneous Z Score Normative Population 27
Sampling from the Same Population of Measures of the Human Brain 29
Appendix 33
Complex Demodulation and JTFA 33
References 35
2 Network Connectivity and LORETA Z Score Biofeedback 38
Neurotopology 39
LORETA Linkage Between Structure and Function 42
Cross-Modal Validation of LORETA 42
LORETA Symptom Checklist 43
Intrinsic Connectivity Networks 45
sLORETA and LORETA Z Scores and the Cross-Spectrum 50
Network Nodes and Connections 50
Structural, Functional, and Effective Connectivity 51
References 52
3 Optimal Procedures in Z-Score Neurofeedback: Strategies for Maximizing Learning for Surface and LORETA Neurofeedback 56
Schedules of Reinforcement 57
Learning Curves 59
Contingency of Feedback 62
Types of Feedback 63
Thresholding 63
Number of Parameters Trained 64
Use of Rounds for Training 65
Transfer of Training 66
Training Phase Shift and Phase Lock Durations 67
Overview 69
Studies Supporting Z-Score-Based Neurofeedback 71
References 72
4 Surface and LORETA Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury 74
Surface and LORETA Neurofeedback of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 74
Surface and LORETA Neurofeedback of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury 77
The Study 79
Subjects 80
Materials and Procedures 80
Rounding 82
Results of a Single Session 82
Analysis 82
Rounding Results 83
Discussion 85
Ten Case Studies 85
Method 85
Subject 1 86
Results 87
Subject 2 87
Results 88
Subject 3 88
Results 88
Subject 4 90
Results 90
Subject 5 90
Results 93
Subject 6 93
Results 93
Subject 7 96
Results 96
Subject 8 97
Results 97
Subject 9 97
Results 97
Subject 10 98
Results 100
Observations and Discussion 100
Conclusion 105
References 106
5 Z-score LORETA Neurofeedback as a Potential Therapy in Depression/Anxiety and Cognitive Dysfunction 108
Special Notes 127
Acknowledgment 128
References 128
6 LORETA Z-Score Neurofeedback in Chronic Pain and Headaches 130
Conclusion 151
Acknowledgment 151
References 152
7 Treating Executive Functioning Disorders Using LORETA Z-Scored EEG Biofeedback 156
Introduction 156
The Domains of Executive Dysfunction 157
The Assessment of Executive Functioning Disorder Patients 158
Executive Dysfunction Case Studies 161
Conclusion 168
References 172
8 Combining LORETA Z-Score Neurofeedback with Heart Rate Variability Training 174
Introduction 174
Assessment 175
What Are We “Targeting?” 179
A Theoretical Dilemma 181
Intervention: Adding HRV Training to Training Done with LNFB 182
Stress Test 182
HRV Training Method 185
Heart Rate Variability 186
Definitions 186
Heart–Brain Connections Produce Oscillations 187
The Heart as an Oscillating System 187
Goal of Training HRV 188
Vagal Control of HRV 188
Goal of Training HRV and Why We Combine It with NFB 189
What Are the Links that Underlie These Clinical Observations? 190
Neuroanatomical Links Between HRV Training and NFB Training 192
How Do You Combine HRV Training with NFB and LNFB? 194
How Do You Do LORETA NFB+HRV Training for Optimal Learning of the Task of Changing Brainwave and HRV Patterns? 196
Case Examples 196
Summary and Conclusion 200
References 201
9 Treating Anxiety Disorders Using Z-Scored EEG Neurofeedback 204
Introduction 204
The Initial Assessment of Anxiety Disorder Patients 206
The Brain’s Anxiety Network 207
qEEG Markers of Anxiety Disorders 208
Anxiety Disorder Case Studies 209
Conclusion 229
References 232
10 Therapy of Seizures and Epilepsy with Z-Score LORETA Neurofeedback 234
Introduction 234
The Etiology of Epilepsy 235
The Clinical Picture of Epilepsy 236
Diagnostic Considerations 236
Treatment of Epilepsy 237
Summary 255
Acknowledgment 256
References 256
11 LORETA Neurofeedback in Alcohol Use Disorders: A Case Study 258
Introduction 258
Ethanol’s Effects on Brain Function 259
NFB and Substance Abuse Treatments 262
Case Presentation 264
Presenting Problems 264
Assessment Procedures, Results, and Diagnosis 264
Training Methods and Procedures 269
Posttreatment Analyses 275
Conclusion 281
References 282
12 LORETA and SPECT Scans 288
Introduction to the Clinical Use of SPECT Scans 288
History of Nuclear Imaging 292
Clinical Indications for Brain SPECT Scans 293
Review of the Literature 293
How to Interpret the 3D 299
Case Studies 301
Comparison Method 301
Cases 301
Discussion 328
Conclusion 332
Summary of Tabular Findings 335
Table of Figures 335
References 335
Appendix 338
Typical SPECT Scan Report 338
13 Brainsurfer and Brain Computer Interface Z-Score Biofeedback 340
Conscious Versus Unconscious Operant Conditioning is Neurophysiologically the Same 345
References 345
14 LORETA Neurofeedback in College Students with ADHD 348
Challenges in Treating ADHD in College-Aged Populations 349
Theoretical Explanations 350
ADHD, Self-Regulation, and Neurofeedback 352
Brain Networks Involved in Self-Regulation 352
Application and Demonstration of LORETA Neurofeedback in Treating College ADHD 353
LORETA and sLORETA Z-score Neurofeedback 354
Applications and Demonstration of LORETA Z-score NF 355
Case Studies 356
Conclusion 363
References 363
15 19-Channel Z-Score Training for Learning Disorders and Executive Functioning 368
References 394
Index 396