Practical Manual of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (eBook)

Practical Manual of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 9
Preface 11
Part 1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Overview 13
Chapter 1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Pathophysiology 15
Introduction 15
Mechanisms leading to gastroesophageal reflux 16
Mechanisms involved in perception of reflux 25
Summary 30
References 31
Chapter 2 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Epidemiology, Impact on Quality of Life, and Health Economic Implications 38
Introduction 39
Individual reflux syndromes 39
Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease 41
Health-related quality of life in gastroesophageal reflux disease 43
Health economic implications 45
Evolution and natural progression of gastroesophageal reflux disease 47
Summary 48
References 48
Chapter 3 Overview of the Tools for the Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 51
Introduction 51
Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms, questionnaires, and the proton pump inhibitor test 53
Esophagram and esophageal manometry 55
Endoscopy and esophageal biopsies 55
Ambulatory reflux monitoring 56
References 61
Chapter 4 Overview of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Treatments 65
Introduction 65
Lifestyle modifications 67
Acid suppression 68
Reflux inhibition 70
Enhancing acid clearance 70
Visceral hypersensitivity 72
Surgery and endoscopic treatment 73
Management algorithm 76
Conclusion 76
References 77
Chapter 5 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Treatment: Side-Effects and Complications of Acid Suppression 81
Introduction 82
Vitamin and mineral absorption effects 82
Alteration of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics 86
Conclusion 91
References 92
Chapter 6 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Treatment: Side-Effects and Complications of Fundoplication 95
Introduction 96
General mortality, morbidity and conversion rate to open operation 97
Acute perioperative and immediate postoperative complications 98
Late postoperative complications 100
Redo anti-reflux surgery 103
References 106
Part 2 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Management of Specific Clinical Presentations 109
Chapter 7 Evaluation and Management of Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 111
Introduction 111
Definition of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease and proton pump inhibitor non-responders 112
Diagnostic algorithm for managing proton pump inhibitor non-responders 117
Treatment of proton pump inhibitor non-responders 120
Conclusion 124
References 124
Chapter 8 Functional Heartburn 127
Introduction 128
Definition and diagnostic criteria 129
Pathogenesis of heartburn in functional heartburn 132
Role of psychological factors 136
Clinical evaluation 136
Treatment 137
References 139
Chapter 9 The Role of Acid Reflux in Non-Cardiac Chest Pain 144
Introduction 145
Reflux in non-cardiac chest pain 145
Mechanisms of pain 147
Diagnosis 150
Treatment 156
Natural history and prognosis 158
Summary and recommendations 159
References 160
Chapter 10 Laryngopharyngeal Reflux 166
Introduction 166
Prevalence 167
Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux laryngitis 168
Clinical symptoms 169
Evaluation of the larynx 169
Ambulatory pH studies 172
Managing laryngeal complications of reflux disease 178
Summary 183
References 185
Chapter 11 Reflux-Related Cough 191
Introduction 191
Epidemiology 192
Pathophysiology 192
Clinical management 194
Treatment 197
Management of patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease-related cough 199
Summary 202
References 203
Chapter 12 Relationship between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Sleep 207
Introduction 207
Sleep 209
Epidemiology 210
Gastroesophageal physiology during sleep 211
Pathophysiology of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux disease 213
Underlying mechanisms for sleep disturbances 214
Sleep deprivation and gastroesophageal reflux disease 219
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and obstructive sleep apnea 220
Silent reflux and sleep 221
Therapeutic approach 222
Summary 227
References 227
Chapter 13 Aerophagia and Belching 233
Introduction 234
Air swallowing and belching 234
Aerophagia 244
Summary 246
References 248
Chapter 14 Dysphagia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 251
Introduction 252
Evaluation 253
Causes of dysphagia associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease 255
References 262
Chapter 15 Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Interactions with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 265
Introduction 266
Clinical, endoscopic, and manometric manifestations 266
Diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis 268
Distinguishing gastroesophageal reflux disease from eosinophilic esophagitis 269
Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in eosinophilic esophagitis 272
Summary 274
References 275
Chapter 16 Helicobacter pylori and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 279
Introduction 280
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and Helicobacter pylori in the pre-Helicobacter pylori era 281
Helicobacter pylori, gastritis, and acid secretion 282
Helicobacter pylori infection and its relationship to gastroesophageal reflux 285
Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastroesophageal reflux disease 288
Barrett’s esophagus and adenocarcinoma 290
Helicobacter pylori, proton pump inhibitors and atrophic gastritis 292
References 294
Part 3 Barrett’s Esophagus 299
Chapter 17 Barrett’s Esophagus: Diagnosis and Surveillance 301
Introduction 301
Definition 302
Diagnosis 302
Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma 305
Screening 306
Surveillance 309
References 317
Chapter 18 Barrett’s Esophagus: Treatment Options 322
Introduction 322
Endoscopic mucosal resection 323
Radiofrequency ablation 329
Photodynamic therapy 333
Endoscopic submucosal dissection 335
Cryoablation 337
Multipolar electrocoagulation 338
Argon plasma coagulation 339
Laser 339
Combination of endoscopic therapies 340
Surgery with or without chemoradiotherapy 340
Management algorithm 342
References 342
Index 347
Supplemental Images 355