Reviews in Computational Chemistry, Volume 20

Kenny B. Lipkowitz, PhD, is a retired Professor of Chemistry from North Dakota State University. Raima Larter is Professors of Chemistry at Indiana University - Purdue University at Indianapolis. Thomas R. Cundari is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Memphis. Donald B. Boyd was apponted Research Professor of Chemistry at Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis in 1994. He has published over 100 refereed journal papers and book chapters.

1. Valence Bond Theory, Its History, Fundamentals, and Applications: A Primer (Sason Shaik and Philippe C. Hiberty). Introduction.

A Story of Valence Bond Theory, Its Rivalry with Molecular Orbital Theory, Its Demise, and Eventual Resurgence.

Roots of VB Theory.

Origins of MO Theory and the Roots of VB–MO Rivalry.

The ‘‘Dance’’ of Two Theories: One Is Up, the Other Is Down.

Are the Failures of VB Theory Real Ones?

Modern VB Theory: VB Theory Is Coming of Age.

Basic VB Theory.

Writing and Representing VB Wave Functions.

The Relationship between MO and VB Wave Functions.

Formalism Using the Exact Hamiltonian.

Qualitative VB Theory.

Some Simple Formulas for Elementary Interactions.

Insights of Qualitative VB Theory.

Are the ‘‘Failures’’ of VB Theory Real?

Can VB Theory Bring New Insight into Chemical Bonding?

VB Diagrams for Chemical Reactivity.

VBSCD: A General Model for Electronic Delocalization and Its Comparison with the Pseudo-Jahn–Teller Model.

What Is the Driving Force, s or p, Responsible for the D6h Geometry of Benzene?

VBSCD: The Twin-State Concept and Its Link to Photochemical Reactivity.

The Spin Hamiltonian VB Theory.

Theory.

Applications.

Ab Initio VB Methods.

Orbital-Optimized Single-Configuration Methods.

Orbital-Optimized Multiconfiguration VB Methods.

Prospective.

Appendix.

A.1 Expansion of MO Determinants in Terms of AO Determinants.

A.2 Guidelines for VB Mixing.

A.3 Computing Mono-Determinantal VB Wave Functions with Standard Ab Initio Programs.

Acknowledgments.

References.

2. Modeling of Spin-Forbidden Reactions (Nikita Matsunaga and Shiro Koseki).

Overview of Reactions Requiring Two States.

Spin-Forbidden Reaction, Intersystem Crossing.

Spin–Orbit Coupling as a Mechanism for Spin-Forbidden Reaction.

General Considerations.

Atomic Spin–Orbit Coupling.

Molecular Spin–Orbit Coupling.

Crossing Probability.

Fermi Golden Rule.

Landau–Zener Semiclassical Approximation.

Methodologies for Obtaining Spin–Orbit Matrix Elements.

Electron Spin in Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics.

Klein–Gordon Equation.

Dirac Equation.

Foldy–Wouthuysen Transformation.

Breit–Pauli Hamiltonian.

Zeff Method.

Effective Core Potential-Based Method.

Model Core Potential-Based Method.

Douglas–Kroll Transformation.

Potential Energy Surfaces.

Minimum Energy Crossing-Point Location.

Available Programs for Modeling Spin-Forbidden Reactions.

Applications to Spin-Forbidden Reactions.

Diatomic Molecules.

Polyatomic Molecules.

Phenyl Cation.

Norborene.

Conjugated Polymers.

CH(2II) + N2 -- HCN + N(4S).

Molecular Properties.

Dynamical Aspects.

Other Reactions.

Biological Chemistry.

Concluding Remarks.

Acknowledgments.

References.

3. Calculation of the Electronic Spectra of Large Molecules (Stefan Grimme).

Introduction.

Types of Electronic Spectra.

Types of Excited States.

Theory.

Excitation Energies.

Transition Moments.

Vibrational Structure.

Quantum Chemical Methods.

Case Studies.

Vertical Absorption Spectra.

Circular Dichroism.

Vibrational Structure.

Summary and Outlook.

Acknowledgments.

References.

4. Simulating Chemical Waves and Patterns (Raymond Kapral).

Introduction.

Reaction–Diffusion Systems.

Cellular Automata.

Coupled Map Lattices.

Mesoscopic Models.

Summary.

References.

5. Fuzzy Soft-Computing Methods and Their Applicationsin Chemistry (Costel Saˆrbu and Horia F. Pop).

Introduction.

Methods for Exploratory Data Analysis.

Visualization of High-Dimensional Data.

Clustering Methods.

Projection Methods.

Linear Projection Methods.

Nonlinear Projection Methods.

Artificial Neural Networks.

Perceptron.

Multilayer Nets: Backpropagation.

Associative Memories: Hopfield Net.

Self-Organizing Map.

Properties.

Mathematical Characterization.

Relation between SOM and MDS.

Multiple Views of the SOM.

Other Architectures.

Evolutionary Algorithms.

Genetic Algorithms.

Canonical GA.

Evolution Strategies.

Evolutionary Programming.

Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic.

Fuzzy Sets.

Fuzzy Logic.

Fuzzy Clustering.

Fuzzy Regression.

Fuzzy Principal Component Analysis (FPCA).

Fuzzy PCA (Optimizing the First Component).

Fuzzy PCA (Nonorthogonal Procedure).

Fuzzy PCA (Orthogonal).

Fuzzy Expert Systems (Fuzzy Controllers).

Hybrid Systems.

Combinations of Fuzzy Systems and Neutral Networks.

Fuzzy Genetic Algorithms.

Neuro-Genetic Systems.

Fuzzy Characterization and Classification of the Chemical Elements and Their Properties.

Hierarchical Fuzzy Classification of Chemical Elements Based on Ten Physical Properties.

Hierarchical Fuzzy Classification of Chemical Elements Based on Ten Physical, Chemical, and Structural Properties.

Fuzzy Hierarchical Cross-Classification of Chemical Elements Based on Ten Physical Properties.

Fuzzy Hierarchical Characteristics Clustering.

Fuzzy Horizontal Characteristics Clustering.

Characterization and Classification of Lanthanides and Their Properties by PCA and FPCA.

Properties of Lanthanides Considered in This Study.

Classical PCA.

Fuzzy PCA.

Miscellaneous Applications of FPCA.

Fuzzy Modeling of Environmental, SAR and QSAR Data.

Spectral Library Search and Spectra Interpretation.

Fuzzy Calibration of Analytical Methods and Fuzzy Robust Estimation of Location and Spread.

Application of Fuzzy Neural Networks Systems in Chemistry.

Applications of Fuzzy Sets Theory and Fuzzy Logic in Theoretical Chemistry.

Conclusions and Remarks.

References.

6. Development of Computational Models for Enzymes, Transporters, Channels, and Receptors Relevant to ADME/Tox (Sean Ekins and Peter W. Swaan).

Introduction.

ADME/Tox Modeling: An Expansive Vision.

The Concerted Actions of Transport and Metabolism.

Metabolism.

Transporters.

Approaches to Modeling Enzymes, Transporters, Channels, and Receptors.

Classical QSAR.

Pharmacophore Models.

Homology Modeling.

Transporter Modeling.

Applications of Transporters.

The Human Small Peptide Transporter, hPEPT1.

The Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter.

P-Glycoprotein.

Vitamin Transporters.

Organic Cation Transporter.

Organic AnionTransporters.

Nucleoside Transporter.

Breast Cancer Resistance Protein.

Sodium Taurocholate Transporting Polypeptide.

Enzymes.

Cytochrome P450.

Epoxide Hydrolase.

Monoamine Oxidase.

Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase.

Sulfotransferases.

Glucuronosyltransferases.

Glutathione S-transferases.

Channels.

Human Ether-a-gogo Related Gene.

Receptors.

Pregnane X-Receptor.

Constitutive Androstane Receptor.

Future Developments.

Acknowledgments.

Abbreviations.

References.

Author Index.

Subject Index.