Dealing with Complexity

One. Systems: Origin and Evolution, Terms and Concepts.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. The Origin and Evolution of Systems Science.- 1.3. Systems Terms and Concepts.- 1.3.1. Introduction.- 1.3.2. Terms and Concepts.- 1.4. Conclusion.- Problems.- Two. Systems and Complexity.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Coming to Grips with Complexity.- 2.2.1. Systems and People.- 2.2.2. Parts and Relationships, Notions and Perceptions.- 2.2.3. Nonlinearity, Asymmetry, and Nonholonomic Constraints.- 2.2.4. Hierarchy and Emergence.- 2.2.5. Aesthetic Measures-An Illustrative Example.- 2.3. Two-Dimensional Science.- 2.4. One Dimension beyond Three Ranges of Complexity.- 2.5. Conclusion.- Problems.- Three. Systems and Modeling I: Diagrams and Identification.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Misuse and Abuse.- 3.3. System Diagrams.- 3.3.1. Graphs.- 3.3.2. Block Diagrams.- 3.3.3. Soft System Diagrams.- 3.4. Other Useful Diagrams.- 3.4.1. Unit Diagrams.- 3.4.2. Rich Pictures.- 3.4.3. Decision Flow Diagrams.- 3.4.4. Hierarchical Representations.- 3.5. Hard System Diagrams and Messy Situations.- 3.6. Element, Relationship, and Boundary Identification.- 3.6.1. Introduction.- 3.6.2. Data Filtering for Information Production.- 3.6.3. System Identification.- 3.7. Conclusion.- Problems.- Four. Systems and Measurement.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. The Nature of Measurement.- 4.2.1. Numerals, Numbers, and Other Symbols.- 4.2.2. Assignment.- 4.2.3. Rules.- 4.3. Scales of Measurement.- 4.3.1. Introduction.- 4.3.2. The Scales.- 4.4. Problems Associated with Measurement.- 4.4.1. Introduction.- 4.4.2. Content Validity.- 4.4.3. Empirical Validity.- 4.4.4. Construct Validity.- 4.4.5. The Experiential Approach.- 4.5. Conclusion.- Problems.- Five. Systems View of Management and the Organization.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Evolution of Management Theory.- 5.2.1. Introduction.- 5.2.2. Traditional Management Theory and Industrial Psychology.- 5.2.3. The Birth of Human Relations Theory.- 5.2.4. Sociotechnical Systems.- 5.2.5. Equilibrium Theories.- 5.2.6. Structural Functionalism.- 5.2.7. Open Systems.- 5.2.8. Empirical Studies.- 5.2.9. Contingency Theory.- 5.2.10. Summary.- 5.3. A Cybernetic View of Management and Organization Theory.- 5.3.1. Introduction.- 5.3.2. Three Schools of Thought.- 5.3.3. Cybernetics in the Three Schools of Thought.- 5.3.4. Summary.- 5.4. Administrative Management.- 5.4.1. Introduction.- 5.4.2. Planning.- 5.4.3. Organizing.- 5.4.4. Directing.- 5.4.5. Controlling.- 5.4.6. Summary.- 5.5. The Viable System Model: A Structuralist Alternative.- 5.5.1. Introduction.- 5.5.2. The Need for Change.- 5.5.3. The Model.- 5.5.4. Operationalizing the Model.- 5.5.5. The Chilean Experience.- 5.5.6. Summary.- 5.6. Management and Organizational Cybernetics.- 5.6.1. Introduction.- 5.6.2. Distinctions.- 5.6.3. The Cybernetic Model on Trial.- 5.6.4. Summary.- 5.7. The Interpretive Alternatives.- 5.7.1. Introduction.- 5.7.2. The Fundamental Tenets of the Paradigm.- 5.7.3. The Empirical Dilemma and Other Issues.- 5.7.4. Summary.- 5.8. Conclusion.- Problems.- Six. Systems View of Problems and Problematic Situations.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Setting the Scene.- 6.3. Hard Systems Methodologies.- 6.3.1. Introduction.- 6.3.2. Systems Analysis.- 6.3.3. Systems Engineering.- 6.3.4. Operations Research.- 6.3.5. Summary.- 6.4. Soft Systems Methodology (SSM).- 6.4.1. Introduction.- 6.4.2. The Methodology.- 6.4.3. Summary.- 6.5. Teaching and Learning Methodologies.- 6.5.1. Introduction.- 6.5.2. Rules of Checkland's Methodology.- 6.5.3. Rules of Jenkins's Methodology.- 6.5.4. Summary.- 6.6. Which Methodology When?.- 6.6.1. Introduction.- 6.6.2. Architecture of Systems Problem Solving.- 6.6.3. Toward a System of Systems Methodologies.- 6.6.4. Toward a Problem Management Tool Kit for Pragmatists.- 6.6.5. Summary.- 6.7. Three Case Studies.- 6.7.1. Introduction.- 6.7.2. Case Study 1.- 6.7.3. Case Study 2.- 6.7.4. Case Study 3.- 6.7.5. Summary.- 6.8. Conclusion.- Problems.- Seven. Systems Theory in International Relations.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Systems and International Relations.- 7.2.1. The Current Position.- 7.2.2. The International System.- 7.3. Conclusion.- Problems.- Eight. Systems Quantification: From Stone Age to Space Age.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Using Letters Instead of Numbers.- 8.3. Rate of Change.- 8.4. Drawing up Differential Equations.- 8.5. Computer Simulation.- 8.5.1. Introduction.- 8.5.2. Simulation by Analog, Hybrid, and Digital Methods.- 8.5.3. Solving Differential Equations Using Digital Computers.- 8.5.4. Constructing a Program.- 8.5.5. Simulation Languages.- 8.5.6. Summary.- 8.6. Quantitative Cybernetics.- 8.6.1. Introduction.- 8.6.2. Dynamics and Feedback.- 8.6.3. Summary.- 8.7. Autoregression and Moving Averages.- 8.7.1. Introduction.- 8.7.2. Variance and Covariance.- 8.7.3. Stationarity and Differences.- 8.7.4. Autocorrelation.- 8.7.5. Correlogram.- 8.7.6. Partial Autocorrelation.- 8.7.7. Moving Average Process.- 8.7.8. Autoregressive Process.- 8.7.9. ARIMA Process.- 8.7.10. Requirements and Tests on ARIMA Processes.- 8.7.11. Summary.- 8.8. Statistical Transfer Functions.- 8.8.1. Introduction.- 8.8.2. Cross-Correlation.- 8.8.3. Transfer Function Models.- 8.8.4. Summary.- 8.9. Recursive Estimation.- 8.9.1. Introduction.- 8.9.2. Transfer Function Models.- 8.9.3. State-Space Models.- 8.9.4. Summary.- 8.10. Conclusion.- Problems.- Nine. Systems and Modeling II: Process, Purposes, and Approaches.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. The Modeling Process.- 9.2.1. Introduction.- 9.2.2. Modeling Purposes.- 9.2.3. Summary.- 9.3. Modeling Approaches.- 9.3.1. Introduction.- 9.3.2. Critical Reviews.- 9.3.3. Declaring Assumptions.- 9.3.4. Verbal-Sentential.- 9.3.5. Diagrammatic.- 9.3.6. Mathematical.- 9.3.7. Statistical.- 9.3.8. Logical.- 9.3.9. A Methodology for Modeling Structured Situations.- 9.3.10. Summary.- 9.4. Case Studies.- 9.4.1. Introduction.- 9.4.2. Background and Purposes.- 9.4.3. Fluid-Electrolyte Acid-Base Balance.- 9.4.4. Critical Review.- 9.4.5. ARIMA Modeling.- 9.4.6. Transfer Function Modeling.- 9.4.7. Compact Compartmental Modeling.- 9.4.8. Comparison of the Compact Approaches.- 9.4.9. A Complex Control System Model.- 9.4.10. Consideration of the Complex Approach.- 9.4.11. Logical Modeling.- 9.4.12. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Logical Modeling Approaches.- 9.4.13. Summary.- 9.5. Conclusion.- Problems.- Ten. Systems Science: Making Sense of the Philosophical Issues.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. The Philosophical Issues.- 10.2.1. Introduction.- 10.2.2. Four Main Areas of Dispute.- 10.2.3. Summary.- 10.3. Making Sense.- 10.3.1. Introduction.- 10.3.2. The Scientific Approach.- 10.3.3. Science and Matters of Society.- 10.3.4. Summary.- 10.4. Tying It All Together.- 10.4.1. Introduction.- 10.4.2. An Impressionistic View.- 10.4.3. Summary.- 10.5. Conclusion.- Problems.- References.