Writing Scientific Research Articles

Margaret Cargill is an applied linguist with over 20 years experience as a research communication educator. Her current research centres on innovative collaborative methods for helping scientists develop high-level skills for communicating their research findings effectively in the international arena. She has worked extensively in Australia, Europe and Asia with scientists of many language and cultural backgrounds. Patrick O Connor is a research ecologist, environmental consultant and science educator. His work over the last 15 years has focussed on the use of scientific principles in designing and evaluating environmental programs for governments and statutory authorities in Australia. His research interests and scientific publications span fields of terrestrial ecology and detection of change in plant and animal communities.

Preface to the second edition ix Preface to the first edition xi Section 1: A framework for success 1 1 How the book is organized, and why 3 1.1 Getting started with writing for international publication 3 1.2 Publishing in the international literature 4 1.3 What do you need to know to select your target journal? 6 1.4 Aims of this book 7 1.5 How the book is structured 8 2 Research article structures 11 2.1 Conventional article structures: AIMRaD (Abstract, Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, and Discussion) and its variations 11 3 Reviewers criteria for evaluating manuscripts 17 3.1 Titles as content signposts 18 Section 2: When and how to write each article section 21 4 Results as a story : the key driver of an article 23 5 Results: turning data into knowledge 25 5.1 Figure, table, or text? 26 5.2 Designing figures 26 5.3 Designing tables 29 5.4 Figure legends and table titles 31 6 Writing about results 33 6.1 Structure of Results sections 33 6.2 Functions of Results sentences 34 6.3 Verb tense in Results sections 34 7 The Methods section 37 7.1 Purpose of the Methods section 37 7.2 Organizing Methods sections 38 7.3 Use of passive and active verbs 39 8 The Introduction 43 8.1 Argument stages towards a compelling Introduction 43 8.2 Stage 1: Locating your project within an existing field of scientific research 43 8.3 Using references in Stages 2 and 3 47 8.4 Avoiding plagiarism when using others work 50 8.5 Indicating the gap or research niche 51 8.6 Stage 4: The statement of purpose or main activity 52 8.7 Stages 5 and 6: Highlighting benefit and mapping the article 52 8.8 Suggested process for drafting an Introduction 53 8.9 Editing for logical flow 54 9 The Discussion section 59 9.1 Important structural issues 59 9.2 Information elements to highlight the key messages 60 9.3 Negotiating the strength of claims 62 10 The title 65 10.1 Strategy 1: Provide as much relevant information as possible, but be concise 65 10.2 Strategy 2: Use keywords prominently 65 10.3 Strategy 3: Choose strategically: noun phrase, statement, or question? 66 10.4 Strategy 4: Avoid ambiguity in noun phrases 67 11 The Abstract 69 11.1 Why Abstracts are so important 69 11.2 Selecting additional keywords 69 11.3 Abstracts: typical information elements 69 12 Writing review articles 73 12.1 What editors want to publish 75 12.2 The take-home-message of a review 75 12.3 The structure of review articles 83 12.4 Visual elements in review articles: tables, figures, and boxes 84 12.5 Checklist for review article manuscripts 86 12.6 Submission and revision of review articles 86 Section 3: Getting your manuscript published 89 13 Submitting a manuscript 91 13.1 Five practices of successful authors 91 13.2 Understanding the peer-review process 92 13.3 Understanding the editor s role 93 13.4 The contributor s covering letter 93 13.5 Understanding the reviewer s role 94 13.6 Understanding the editor s role (continued) 97 14 How to respond to editors and reviewers 99 14.1 Rules of thumb 99 14.2 How to deal with manuscript rejection 99 14.3 How to deal with conditional acceptance or revise and resubmit 101 15 A process for preparing a manuscript 109 15.1 Initial preparation steps 109 15.2 Editing procedures 110 15.3 A pre-review checklist 113 Section 4: Developing your writing and publication skills further 115 16 Skill-development strategies for groups and individuals 117 16.1 Journal clubs 117 16.2 Writing groups 118 16.3 Selecting feedback strategies for different purposes 118 16.4 Becoming a reviewer 120 16.5 Training for responding to reviewers 121 17 Developing discipline-specific English skills 123 17.1 Introduction 123 17.2 Error types and editor expectations of language use 123 17.3 Strategic (and acceptable!) language re-use: sentence templates 125 17.4 More about noun phrases 128 17.5 Concordancing: a tool for developing your discipline-specific English 129 17.6 Using the English articles (a/an, the) appropriately in science writing 133 17.7 Using which and that 136 18 Writing funding proposals 139 18.1 Introduction 139 18.2 A process for preparing and submitting a funding proposal 140 18.3 Easy mistakes to make 143 Section 5: Provided example articles 145 19 PEA1: Kaiser et al. (2003) 147 20 PEA2: Britton-Simmons and Abbott (2008) 159 21 PEA3: Ganciet al. (2012) 171 Answer pages 185 Appendix: Measures of journal impact and quality 213 A.1 Journal impact 213 A.2 Using indices of journal quality 214 References 217 Index 219