Time and Human Cognition (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Time and Human Cognition: A Life-Span Perspective 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 14
Contributors 16
Introduction 18
Chapter 1. The Role of Temporal Factors in Infant Behavior and Development 26
Introduction 26
Intrinsic Biobehavioral Rhythms 27
Temporal Nature of Social Interactions 29
Learning of Temporal Information 34
Perception of Temporal Information 37
Conclusion 74
References 75
Chapter 2. Time Concepts in Language and Thought: Filling the Piagetian Void from Two to Five Years 80
Introduction 80
The ST System and Object Permanence 86
The ET System and Displacement 89
Transition from the ET to the Restricted System 109
The Restricted RT System 113
The Transition from a Restricted to a Free RT System: Temporal Sequencing 122
Temporal Location: RT versus ET Systems 124
The Free RT System and Seriation and Reversibility 126
Conclusion: Temporal Systems and Conceptual Development 127
References 131
Chapter 3. Measuring Time via Counting: The Development of Children’s Conceptions of Time as a Quantifiable Dimension 136
Introduction 136
Qualitative versus Quantitative Reasoning: Integration of Duration 137
Counting: A Time Measurement Strategy 148
Counting and Judging Time 154
Development of Time Measurement Summary and General Conclusions 158
References 160
Chapter 4. Principles Underlying Time Measurement: The Development of Children’s Constraints on Counting Time 162
Introduction 162
Principles Underlying Time Measurement: Constancy and Arbitrariness 164
Comparison with Principles Proposed by Piaget 167
General Framework for the Reported Studies 168
Interview for Assessing Four Principles of Time Measurement 169
Constrained Task for Assessing Principles 174
Principles Underlying Time Counting and the Use of Counting to Measure Time 184
General Conclusions: Principles Underlying Time Measurement 188
References 198
Chapter 5. Strategy Choices in Children’s Time-Telling 202
Introduction 202
A Short Review of the Literature on Strategy Choice and Time-Telling 204
The Development of Time-Telling Skills 211
An Empirical Study of Children’s Time-Telling 214
Discussion 228
References 233
Chapter 6. Assessing Children’s Understanding of Time, Speed and Distance Interrelations 236
Introduction 236
What Understanding Entails 238
Judging Directly Perceived Relative Durations 240
Study 1: An Examination of the Concordance between Methods Claiming to Measure Children’s Knowledge of Time, Speed and Distance Interrelations 249
Conclusions Thus Far and Introduction of a Fourth Method: Assessing the Posssibility of Relative Time, Speed and Distance Combinations 255
Studies 2A, B and C Children’s Recognition of the Necessary Interrelations between Relative Times, Speeds and Distances 263
Summary and Conclusions 272
References 273
Chapter 7. The Representation of Temporal Structure in Children, Adolescents and Adults 276
Introduction 276
Models of the Representation of Time Structures 277
Research on Adults’ Representations 281
Conclusion 301
Research on Children’s and Adolescent’s Representations 302
Summary 317
References 319
Chapter 8. Judging the Duration of Time Intervals: A Process of Remembering Segments of Experience 322
Inferring Time’s Passage 322
Models of Duration Judgment 324
A Comparison of the Predictive Utility of Three Models 331
The Relationship between Perceived Time and Distance 343
Summary 345
References 346
Chapter 9. Experiencing and Remembering Time: Affordances, Context, and Cognition 350
Introduction 350
A Contextualistic Model of Temporal Experience 351
Temporal Judgment Methods 352
Characteristics of the Time Period 355
Characteristics of the Experiencer 362
Activities During the Time Period 366
Two-Factor Interactions 368
Three-Factor Interactions 372
Four-Factor Interactions 372
Development of Temporal Experiences and Concepts 374
Adult Beliefs about Time and Temporal Experiences 375
Conclusions 377
References 377
Chapter 10. Subjective Time and Attentional Resource Allocation: An Integrated Model of Time Estimation 382
Introduction 382
Theories of Short Interval Duration Estimation 383
Resource Allocation Model of Time Estimation 388
Study 1 – Immediate and Remote Time Estimation 389
Study 2 – the Influence of Task Difficulty and External Tempo on Prospective Time Estimation 393
Study 3 – A Comparison of Time Estimation as a Primary or a Secondary Task 398
Study 4 – Latent Inhibition and Time Estimation 403
Summary and General Conclusions 410
References 412
Author Index 416
Subject Index 424