Handbook of Applied Health Economics in Vaccines

David Bishai is a professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the former President of the International Health Economics Association. From 2016 to 2020 he led partners from 6 countries in producing courses in vaccine economics. Logan Brenzel is a health economist with more than 35 years of health financing and development experience worldwide. Logan has a PhD in Health Economics from the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health; an MS in Health Policy and Management from the Harvard School of Public Health; and a BA in Human Biology and Humanities (Honors) from Stanford University. At the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Logan manages a portfolio on immunization economics and financing, including COVID-19 vaccines, and supports health systems strengthening partnerships in the Africa region. Since 2003, Logan has provided policy advice to Gavi related to co-financing, eligibility, and transition. William Padula is a professor of pharmaceutical and health economics at University of Southern California, and fellow in the Leonard Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics. His work explores the theoretical foundations of medical cost-effectiveness analysis. He teaches coursework in vaccine economics at universities throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. In 2021, he published the first peer-reviewed U.S. model on the cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination. He holds a PhD in Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research from University of Colorado; MS, Evaluative Clinical Science from Dartmouth College; MS, Analytics from University of Chicago; and BS, Chemical Engineering from Northwestern University.

1. Principles of vaccine economics
1.0: Chapter introduction
1.1: Introduction to global vaccine systems
1.2: Relevance of health economics to vaccines
1.3: Cost of finding and making vaccines: implications for immunization programs
1.4: Vaccination as investment in human capital
1.5: Economics of vaccine delivery
2. Estimating the cost of immunization services
2.0: Chapter introduction
2.1: Why costing studies are needed
2.2: Defining immunization costs
2.3: Designing a primary costing study or analysis
2.4: Data analysis
2.5: Costing new vaccine introduction
3. Economic evaluation of vaccines and vaccine programs
3.0: Chapter introduction
3.1: Overview of decision analysis and cost-effectiveness
3.2: Defining the scope and study design of cost-effectiveness analysis
3.3: Parameter estimation
3.4: Measuring and valuing health outcomes
3.5: Reporting and interpreting results of economic evaluation
3.6: Budget impact analysis and return on investment
3.7: Introduction to decision tree modeling
4. Advanced methods in economic evaluation
4.0: Chapter introduction
4.1: Introduction to Markov modeling
4.2: Static and dynamic modeling
4.3: Probabilistic sensitivity analysis and value of information analysis
4.4: Economic evaluation reference case with Markov model
5. Financing and resource tracking of vaccination Pprograms
5.0: Chapter introduction
5.1: Introduction to immunization financing and expenditure
5.2: Financing of immunization programs
5.3: Donor architecture for immunization financing
Appendices
1: EXERCISE: A CASE-STUDY ON ESTIMATING THE TOTAL AND UNIT ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION COSTS FROM THE FACILITY TO THE NATIONAL LEVEL
2: EXERCISE: ESTIMATING NEW VACCINE INTRODUCTION COSTS
3: IMMUNIZATION ACTIVITIES AND LINE ITEM COSTS
4: MARKOV DECISION PROCESSES (MDPS)
5: DERIVATION OF THE ANNUAL EXPECTED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INFECTED STATE
6: MAKING MODELS PROBABILISTIC AND ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF INFORMATION