Impact: Design With All Senses (eBook)

Introduction 5
Organization 7
Contents 9
Area A: Multi-physics Modelling – New Simulations Methods and Technologies 15
Geometric Degrees of Freedom and Non-conventional Spatial Structural Forms 16
1 Introduction 16
1.1 Motivations and Objectives 18
2 Methodology 19
2.1 Geometric Degree of Freedom in Transformation of a Network 19
2.2 GDoF in the Context of 3D Graphic Statics 20
2.3 Generating Solutions 22
3 Design Applications 25
3.1 Shell Structures with Both Tension and Compression Members 25
3.2 Spatial Structures with Both Tension and Compression Members 28
4 Conclusion 28
References 29
An Interactive Structural Optimization of Space Frame Structures Using Machine Learning 31
Abstract 31
1 Introduction 31
1.1 Machine Learning for Structural Optimization 31
1.2 Literature Overview 32
2 Overview and Goals 33
2.1 The Structural Problem 33
2.2 Learning Methodology 35
3 Results 38
3.1 Feature Sensitivity Analysis 38
3.2 Data Sets 40
3.3 Extrapolation 40
4 Conclusion 43
References 44
Application of Human-Machine Design Processes to Tensile Structures 45
Abstract 45
1 From Linear to Recursive Workflow 45
1.1 Design Process 45
1.2 Recursive Workflow Overview 47
2 The Awareness of the Physical World 48
2.1 One Parameter Evaluation 49
2.2 Multiple Parameters Selection and Correlation 51
3 The Generation of a Novelty Workflow 53
4 Conclusion 56
References 57
Spatial Developable Meshes 58
1 Introduction 58
1.1 Mesh Based Computation Design 59
1.2 Developable Bent Wood and Seam Winding 60
1.3 Paper Organisation 61
2 Geometrical Procedure 61
2.1 Procedure to Create Spatial Structure 61
2.2 Developability 61
3 Implementation in an MME 62
4 Prototype Shape Design, Fabrication and Assembly 65
4.1 Fabrication 65
4.2 Wood Bending, Seam Winding and Assembly 66
5 Discussion and Conclusion 68
References 69
Adaptive Reuse of Architectural Heritage 72
Abstract 72
1 Adaptive Reuse 72
2 Digital Technology and Modular Construction 73
2.1 The Strategy 73
2.2 Assessment of Architectural and Cultural Value of the Existing Buildings 74
2.3 Scanning the Existing Architecture 74
2.4 Using Modular Construction Systems 75
3 Demonstration Project 76
3.1 Building Transformation 76
4 The Module 77
4.1 Prototype 1 and 2 78
4.2 Prototype 3+4 79
5 Summary 80
References 80
Robotic Landscapes: Designing Formation Processes for Large Scale Autonomous Earth Moving 82
Abstract 82
1 Introduction 82
2 State of the Art 83
3 Methodology 84
3.1 Computational Design System 85
3.2 Granular Material 86
4 Experiments 86
4.1 Robotic Landscapes I 86
4.2 Robotic Landscapes II 88
5 Results 91
6 Conclusion 93
Acknowledgement 94
References 94
A Parametric Framework for Solar Tensile Structures 95
Abstract 95
1 The Gap Between Design Conception and Real-World Construction 95
1.1 Designing vs. Building 97
1.2 The Information Master Builder 97
1.3 Loose Fit – Framework 98
2 Bridging the Gap 99
2.1 Typo- and Topological Parameters of Sun Sails as Design Drivers 99
2.2 From Analogue Models to Design Solution 100
2.3 Associative Geometry Setup 101
3 Conclusions 104
4 Outlook 105
References 105
Mesh-Based Design to Fabrication Workflows for Funicular Structures: A Case Study 106
Abstract 106
1 Introduction 106
1.1 Related Work 107
1.2 Project Overview 108
2 Design 108
2.1 Form Finding and Topology Generation 108
2.2 Voussoir Tessellation 110
3 Fabrication 111
3.1 Robot Setup 111
3.2 Material Optimization 112
3.3 Robotic Toolpath Generation 114
3.4 Simulation 115
3.5 Fabrication 115
3.6 Assembly 115
4 Conclusions 117
References 117
HYDRA Distributed Multi-Objective Optimization for Designers 119
Abstract 119
1 Introduction 119
2 Distributed Multi-Objective Optimization 120
2.1 Optimization as Design Space Exploration Tool 120
2.2 Precedent Work 121
2.3 Methodology 121
2.4 System Architecture 122
3 Case Study 123
3.1 Design Problem 123
3.2 Procedural City Generation 124
3.3 Performance Evaluation 126
4 Results 127
4.1 Summary 127
4.2 Interactive Dashboard 129
5 Conclusions 129
References 130
Simulating Natural Ventilation in Early Stage Design: Combining an Occupant Behavior Model with an Airflow Network Approach 132
Abstract 132
1 Introduction 132
1.1 Background 132
1.2 Aim 133
2 Methods 133
2.1 Honeybee 133
2.2 Window Operation Modelling (WOM) 134
2.3 Airflow Network (AFN) 137
2.4 Analysis 138
3 Results 140
4 Discussion 143
5 Conclusion 143
Acknowledgements 144
References 144
Numerical Sculpting: Volumetric Modelling Tools for In Place Spatial Additive Manufacturing 145
Abstract 145
1 Context 145
1.1 Volumetric Modelling (VM) for Fabrication-Informed Design 146
1.2 Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) In Place Connections 146
2 Objectives and Contributions 147
3 Method 147
3.1 Design Tools 147
3.2 Tools for the Generation of Production Data 150
4 Results 152
5 Conclusion 156
Acknowledgements 157
References 157
Behavioral Form Finding: A Multi Agent Systems Framework for Environmental Aware Form Finding of Shell Structures 159
Abstract 159
1 Introduction 159
2 Methodology 160
2.1 Steering Structural Design of Shells via Applying Environmental Behaviors 162
3 Experimental Design 164
3.1 Design Process 165
4 Results and Analysis 168
5 Discussion 169
References 170
Digital Prototyping – Modelling Concepts for a Generative Computer Based-Design of Complex Tensile Structures 172
Abstract 172
1 Introduction 172
2 Complexities in Structural Design 173
2.1 Geometrical Complexities 173
2.2 Static Complexities 173
3 Digital Prototyping 175
3.1 Conventional Process 175
3.2 Algorithm-Aided Structural Design 176
3.3 Iterative Multi-level Modelling 176
4 Case Study 178
4.1 Design Description 179
4.2 Modelling Approach 179
4.3 Evaluation of the Modelling Process 183
5 Conclusion 183
References 184
Voxel Harvest: Multi-sensory Design of a Biomedical Device from Image-Based Inputs 186
Abstract 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Related Work 188
2.1 Multi-sensory Design (MSD) 188
2.2 Voxel Print 188
2.3 Research Question 188
3 Methodology 189
3.1 Conceptual Overview 189
3.2 Image-Based 3D Printing Protocol 189
3.3 Collaboration Platform 191
4 Case Study 192
4.1 Design Brief and Scope 193
4.2 Local Design: Microstructure and Texture 194
4.3 Global Design: Microstructure and Texture 194
4.4 Mechanism Design: Laminates and Composite Assemblies 194
5 Results 195
5.1 Limitations and Future Work 197
6 Conclusion 200
Acknowledgements 200
References 200
RESONATOR—An Iterative Approach for Designing Acoustically-Driven Morphologies 202
Abstract 202
1 Introduction 202
1.1 Changes in Education 202
1.2 Linking Acoustic Design and Fabrication - A Heuristic Approach 203
2 Geometry Synthesis 203
3 Acoustic Evaluation 205
4 Evolutionary Solver 207
4.1 Design Method 207
4.2 Fitness Function 207
5 Validation 208
6 Conclusion and Outlook 210
References 211
Encoding Architectural Designs as Iso-surface Tilesets for Participatory Sculpting of Massing Models 212
Abstract 212
1 Introduction 212
2 Problem Statement 213
3 State-of-the-Art 214
4 Method 217
5 Implementation 219
5.1 Sculpting Mode 221
5.2 Tileset Editor 222
6 Results and Discussion 223
7 Conclusion and Outlook 224
Acknowledgements 225
References 225
Becoming Structure 227
Abstract 227
1 State of the Art 227
1.1 Material and Geometry 227
1.2 Shotcrete Technology 227
1.3 Substructure 228
2 Design Implementation 229
2.1 Material Research 229
2.2 Prototype Design 230
2.3 Robotic Process 230
2.4 Shotcrete Application 233
3 Conclusion 235
References 236
Computational Bamboo: Digital and Vernacular Design Principles for the Construction of a Temporary Bending-Active Structure 237
Abstract 237
1 Introduction 237
2 Fundamentals 238
3 Materials 239
4 Architectural Concept 240
5 Computational Design 243
6 Construction Process 246
7 Summary 247
Acknowledgements 248
References 248
Walking Assembly: A Method for Craneless Tilt-Up Construction 250
Abstract 250
1 Introduction 251
2 Balance Geometries 252
2.1 Center of Mass 252
2.2 Center of Curvature 253
2.3 Constant and Variable Centers of Curvature 253
3 Variable Density Concrete 253
4 Method 254
4.1 Motion Geometries 254
4.2 Assembly Geometries 255
4.3 Center of Mass Solver 256
5 Prototypes 256
5.1 Self-assembly Prototype 256
5.2 Aided-Assembly Prototype 257
5.3 Walking Assembly Prototype 258
6 Conclusion 260
6.1 Material and Form 260
6.2 Applications 261
Acknowledgements 262
References 262
Necessary Tension 263
Abstract 263
1 Introduction 263
1.1 Summary of the Approach 264
1.2 Previous Work 264
2 Background and Relevance 265
3 Methods 265
3.1 Technical Overview 265
3.2 The Tension Net Actor 267
3.3 The Engineering Critic 268
3.4 The Architectural Critic 269
3.5 The Optimization Stage 271
4 Results 272
5 Conclusion 273
Acknowledgements 274
References 274
Area B: Mixed Reality Design – Spatial Explorations in Virtual and Augmented Realities 276
Pop-Up Factory: Mixed Reality Installation for the MakeCity Festival 2018 in Berlin 277
Abstract 277
1 Introduction 277
2 Motivation 278
3 Description of the Installation 279
4 Workflow 282
4.1 AR Aided Design 283
4.2 AR Aided Robotic Fabrication 283
4.3 AR Aided Assembly 284
5 Observations 285
5.1 Collaborative Design 285
5.2 Human-Machine Collaboration 285
5.3 AR Representation 287
6 Conclusions and Future Work 288
References 288
Design Modelling with Next Generation Parametric System Packhunt.io 289
Abstract 289
1 Introduction 289
2 Digital Twins and Digital Twin Scenarios 290
3 Core Concepts of a Next Generation Parametric Platform 292
3.1 Current Concepts 292
3.2 Concepts Introduced for a Next Generation System 294
4 Real World Use Cases 295
4.1 From the Digital to the Physical Twin: Staircases 295
4.2 From the Physical-to-Digital Twin: Foundation Monitoring 296
5 Future Vision 298
6 Conclusions 298
References 298
Project DisCo: Choreographing Discrete Building Blocks in Virtual Reality 300
Abstract 300
1 Introduction 300
1.1 Virtual Reality 300
1.2 Proposal 301
2 Project DisCo 302
2.1 Designing with Digital Material in (Programmatic) CAD: Wasp 302
2.2 Choreographing Digital Material in VR: DisCo 303
2.3 Classification 307
2.4 Application 309
3 Outlook 310
References 311
Constructing Belief: Using Bayesian Belief Networks to Measure and Manage Uncertainty in Digital Design 312
Abstract 312
1 Introduction 312
2 Background and Related Work 313
2.1 Example: A Simple Bayesian Belief Network 314
3 Case Studies 316
3.1 Methodology 316
3.2 Qrisko - Quick Risk Operations Application 317
3.3 Case Study 1: Roof System 317
3.4 Case Study 2: KPSB Public Art 319
3.5 Case Study 3: Toronto Centre for the Arts 321
4 Discussion 323
5 Further Work 324
References 325
Holographic Construction 326
Abstract 326
1 Background 326
2 Aims 327
3 Method 327
3.1 Mixed Reality in Rhino and Grasshopper 327
3.2 Dynamically Displaying Geometry 327
3.3 Event Based Parametric Modelling 328
3.4 Shared Experiences 328
3.5 Parametric Wall Geometry 329
3.6 2D Instructions from 3D Design Models 330
3.7 Holographic Setout 330
3.8 Maintaining Alignment Over Time 330
3.9 Intuitive Collaboration Workflows 331
4 Results 332
4.1 Accuracy Analysis 333
5 Discussion 334
5.1 Causes of Error and Inefficiency 335
5.2 Future Work 335
References 336
Make the Invisible Microclimate Visible: Mixed Reality (MR) Applications for Architecture and Built Environment 337
Abstract 337
1 Introduction 337
1.1 Background 338
1.2 Problem 338
1.3 Method and Set Up 339
2 The Spatial Network or Physical Cellular Mesh 339
2.1 Modular Cells and Sensor Nodes 340
2.2 The Sensor Network 341
3 Interactive User Interface 343
3.1 Immersive Visualisation Systems 343
4 Design Exploration and Experimental Procedures 344
5 Conclusion 346
Acknowledgements 347
References 347
Topological Interlocking Assemblies Experiment 348
Abstract 348
1 Introduction 348
2 Background 349
2.1 Geometry 349
2.2 Boundaries 350
3 Processes 351
3.1 Design Process 351
3.2 Machining Process 353
3.3 Assembly 356
4 Results and Reflections 358
4.1 Outcome 358
4.2 System Generalization 359
4.3 Going Further 360
5 Conclusion 360
References 361
Bodily Design Processes in Immersive Virtual Environments 362
Abstract 362
1 Introduction 362
2 Context 363
2.1 Cultural Context 364
2.2 Technological Context 364
3 Experiment 365
3.1 Implementation 366
3.2 Evaluation 367
4 Conclusion 370
Acknowledgements 370
References 370
Repetitive Structures 372
Abstract 372
1 Introduction 372
1.1 Motivation and Content 372
1.2 Repetition 373
2 Theoretical Framework 374
2.1 Geometric Parameters 374
2.2 Constructive Criteria 376
3 Analysis of Repetition 378
3.1 Reticulated Dome in Neckarsulm 378
3.2 Mulihalle in Mannheim 379
4 Morphology of Repetition 381
4.1 Deduction of Repetitive, Smooth Networks 382
4.2 Dependency of Edges and Nodes 383
4.3 Curvature and Deformation 384
5 Conclusion 387
References 387
Design Loop: Calibration of a Simulation of Productive Congestion Through Real-World Data for Generative Design Frameworks 388
Abstract 388
1 Introduction 388
1.1 Designing for Uncertainty 388
1.2 Productive Congestion 389
2 Related Work 390
3 Methodology 391
3.1 Simulation Assumptions 391
3.2 Measuring Congestion Through Computer Vision 393
3.3 Data Processing 395
3.4 Calibration 397
4 Results 398
5 Conclusions and Next Steps 400
Acknowledgments 400
References 400
From Informed Parametric Design to Fabrication: The Complex Reinforced Concrete Shell of the Railway Station Stuttgart 21 402
Abstract 402
1 Introduction 402
2 Structural Modeling 404
3 Reinforcement Planning 406
3.1 Geometric Requirements 406
3.2 Structural Requirements 407
3.3 Fabrication Requirements 407
3.4 Digital Tools for Design and Construction 409
4 Results 411
References 412
Design for Long-Span Core-Less Wound, Structural Composite Building Elements 413
Abstract 413
1 Introduction and Context 413
2 Design Investigation 415
2.1 Surface Investigation - Subdivision Strategy 415
2.2 Definition of Design Space 417
2.3 Core-Less Multi-layered Fibre System 418
2.4 Syntax Development for Long Span Structural Composite Elements 419
2.5 Glass Fibre Scaffolding – Surface-Based Syntax Approach 420
2.6 Glass Fibre Body - Interlaced Syntax Approach 421
2.7 Carbon Fibre Layup - Performative Reinforcement 422
2.8 Interface to Fibre Interaction Simulation 424
3 Results and Conclusions 425
Acknowledgements 426
References 426
Area C: Regenerative Design – New Materials, Fabrication and Assembly Methods 428
Design and Structural Modelling of Surface-Active Timber Structures Made from Curved CLT - Urbach Tower, Remstal Gartenschau 2019 429
Abstract 429
1 Introduction 430
1.1 Contextualisation 430
1.2 Aim of Research 431
1.3 Case Study – Urbach Tower 431
2 Integrative Design Framework 432
3 Implementation and Development 433
3.1 Geometric Modelling and Fabrication Design 433
3.2 Structural Design and Modelling 435
4 Building Demonstrator – Results 438
5 Conclusion 441
Funding 441
References 441
Mediating Irregularity: Towards a Design Method for Spatial Structures Utilizing Naturally Grown Forked Branches 443
Abstract 443
1 Background 443
2 Methods 444
2.1 Geometry 445
2.2 Scanning and Features Extraction 445
2.3 Catalog Clustering 446
2.4 Structure Generation Through Recursive Aggregation 447
2.5 Gap Compensation via Force-Based Relaxation 448
2.6 Design Control: Proto-Parts Replacement 448
3 Joints 449
4 Results 451
4.1 Part to Part Relationship 451
4.2 Global Formation 452
5 Conclusion and Outlook 454
References 455
Living Weaves – Steps Towards the Persistent Modelling of Bio-Hybrid Architectural Systems 456
Abstract 456
1 Introduction 456
1.1 Key Challenges 457
1.2 Motivation and Context 458
1.3 Structure of the Paper and Scope 458
2 State of the Art 459
2.1 Scaffolds for Bio-Hybrid Architectures 459
2.2 Plant Steering 459
3 Methodology and Experimental Setups 459
3.1 Experimental Setup 1: Autonomous Plant Steering 460
3.2 Experimental Setup 2: Structural Modelling and Informed Path Planning 462
4 Results 464
4.1 Autonomous Plant Interlacing 464
4.2 Structurally Informed Plant Growth Path Planning 467
5 Conclusion 468
Acknowledgements 469
References 469
Continuous Timber Fibre Placement 470
1 Introduction 471
1.1 Motivation 472
1.2 Contribution 472
2 Methods 472
2.1 Material Production 472
2.2 Robotic Fabrication Process 473
2.3 Design Using Topology Optimisation 475
2.4 Demonstrator 476
3 Results 479
3.1 Material - Continuous Solid Wood Filament 479
3.2 Adhesives 480
3.3 Demonstrator 481
4 Conclusion and Outlook 482
References 482
Hollow-Crete 484
Abstract 484
1 Introduction 484
2 Related Works 485
3 Objective and Outline 486
4 Rotoforming in Hyperelastic Membranes 487
5 Adaptable Falsework 488
6 Results and Element Catalogue 491
6.1 Nodes 491
6.2 Columns 492
6.3 Beams 492
6.4 Panels 493
7 Conclusion and Outlook 494
8 Future Works 495
Acknowledgments 495
References 495
Sustainable Thin-Shell 3D Printed Formwork for Concrete 497
Abstract 497
1 Introduction 497
2 State of the Art 498
3 Sustainable Formwork for Casting Concrete 498
3.1 Advantages of PVA as Formwork Material 498
3.2 Investigating for the Suitable Material 499
3.3 Dissolving Process 501
3.4 Optimizing the Concrete’s Surface Quality 501
3.5 Discretization and Welding of Formwork Parts 502
4 Integration Strategies 503
5 Large Scale Prototypes 505
5.1 Two Meter Prototype 506
5.2 Three Meter Prototype 507
6 Discussion 507
6.1 Sustainability 507
6.2 Comparison to Other Production Means 509
7 Outlook 509
8 Conclusion 510
Acknowledgements 510
References 510
Continuous Robotic Spatial 3D Printing of Topologically Irregular Space Frames 512
Abstract 512
1 Introduction 512
2 Space Frames and Density Variation 514
3 Eulerian Paths 515
4 Space Frames on a Triangular Mesh 516
5 Eulerian Path Considerations 519
6 Choosing Strips of Triangles 519
7 Print Sequence 520
8 Printed Prototype 524
9 Conclusion and Future Research 525
Acknowledgements 525
References 525
Assessing the Environmental Viability of 3D Concrete Printing Technology 527
Abstract 527
1 Introduction 527
2 3D Printing System 528
2.1 Machine 528
2.2 Material 529
2.3 Form 530
3 Methodology 531
3.1 Sensitivity Analysis 532
4 Results and Discussions 533
5 Conclusion 536
References 537
Sensibilities of Artificial Intelligence 539
Abstract 539
1 The Rise of AI 540
2 They Have a New Language! 542
3 Exploring Neural Mesh Renderers 543
4 Methodology 544
4.1 Neural Networks 545
4.2 Convolutional Neural Networks - CNN 545
4.3 A Mathematical Definition of 2D to 3D Style Transfer 546
5 Do AI’s Create Their Own Sensibilities? – A Conclusion 547
References 547
Large Scale Curved Folding Mechanisms 549
Abstract 549
1 Curved Folded Wood 549
1.1 Component Assembly vs Folding Mechanism 550
1.2 Fabricating Flat 551
1.3 Folds to Slits 553
2 Analysis of Structural Performance and Final Shape 554
3 The Folded Bridge 556
3.1 Geometry 556
3.2 Flat Fabrication and Assembly 558
3.3 Result 559
4 Conclusion 561
5 Outlook 562
Acknowledgements 562
References 562
Modelling Workflows for More-than-Human Design: Prosthetic Habitats for the Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) 564
Abstract 564
1 Aims 564
2 Methods 565
2.1 The Case-Study 565
2.2 Nonhuman Perception 566
2.3 Multi-scale Modelling 566
3 Outcomes 567
3.1 Urban-Scale 567
3.2 Site-Scale 568
3.3 Tree-Scale 570
3.4 Nest-Scale 571
4 Conclusion 573
References 574
Constructing A Sense of Taste 575
Abstract 575
1 Coffee, Tea and Wine 575
1.1 Coffee 576
1.2 Tea 578
1.3 Wine 581
2 Salt 586
3 Conclusions 590
References 590
Intuitive Protocols: Hybrid Processes for Large Scale Robotic Fabrication 591
Abstract 591
1 Introduction 591
2 Design as a Tacit Process 593
3 Material Understanding 594
4 Anticipating Robotic Operations 596
5 Hijacked Tools 597
6 Alignments and Calibrations 599
7 Precision Feedback 603
8 Conclusion 604
References 605
Modelling Workflow for Segmented Timber Shells Using Wood-Wood Connections 606
Abstract 606
1 Introduction 606
1.1 Research Interest - Wood from Mountain Timber Forestry 606
1.2 Modelling Framework 607
2 Surface Discretization 608
3 Prototypes 610
3.1 Prototype in Planks 610
3.2 Prototype in Round-Wood 612
4 Results 614
5 Challenges in Scaling 615
6 Conclusion 616
References 617
Designing Compression-Only Arch Structures Using Robotic Equilibrium Assembly 618
Abstract 618
1 Introduction 618
1.1 Architectural Assembly 618
1.2 Compression-Only Arch Structures 620
1.3 Robotic Equilibrium Assembly 620
2 Precedents 621
3 Method 621
3.1 Generating Compression-Only Arches with Form Finding Principles 621
3.2 Reducing the Number of Necessary Robotic Arms 621
3.3 Hot-Wire Cutting and Keystone Fabrication 624
4 Experiment: Multi-branched, Compression-Only Arches 624
4.1 Assembly Sequence Design 624
4.2 Overcoming Payload Limits 624
5 Results and Discussions 627
5.1 Reducing Resource Use 627
5.2 Increasing Design Flexibility During Construction 629
5.3 Implications for the Construction of Larger Built Environments 629
6 Conclusion 630
References 631
Area D: Designing Human Spaces – Intervention and Participation 633
SandBOX - An Intuitive Conceptual Design System 634
Abstract 634
1 Challenge: Moving from the Physical to the Digital 634
2 Prior Art 635
3 SandBOX: An Intuitive Conceptual Design System 637
3.1 Interfaces 637
3.2 Modelling 639
3.3 Analysis Tools and Metrics 640
3.4 Interoperability 641
4 Reception and Feedback 641
5 Next Steps 642
Acknowledgements 643
References 643
HENN Workplace Analytics 645
Abstract 645
1 Introduction 645
1.1 Aim 645
2 Methodology 646
2.1 Indoor Connectivity Score 646
2.2 Indoor Connectivity Score 647
2.3 Indoor Visibility Score 649
2.4 Indoor Environmental Score 651
3 Multi-Variable Map 652
4 Experiential Map 654
5 Results and Conclusion 655
References 656
Agent-Based Semiology for Simulation and Prediction of Contemporary Spatial Occupation Patterns 657
Abstract 657
1 Introduction 657
2 Simulation Methods and ACL - Scenario Matrix 659
3 Statistical Description and Prediction 661
3.1 Overview and Goal 661
3.2 Development of a Statistical Model 663
3.3 Attaching Features to Physical Objects and Statistical Model Fitting 664
3.4 Description of the Fitting Algorithm 667
3.5 Generalisability 667
3.6 Limitations and Drawbacks 668
4 Summary 668
5 Outlook 668
References 669
Humanizing Architectural Automation: A Case Study in Office Layouts 671
Abstract 671
1 Introduction 671
1.1 Automation in Practice 671
1.2 WeWork 672
1.3 Related Work 672
1.4 If at First You Don’t Succeed… 673
2 Human-Centered Automation 673
2.1 Failure to Take Hold 673
2.2 Methodology 674
2.3 Implementation 676
3 Discussion 677
4 Conclusion 678
4.1 Limitations and Future Work 678
Acknowledgements 678
References 679
Robo-Stim: Modes of Human Robot Collaboration for Design Exploration 680
Abstract 680
1 Introduction 680
2 Methodology 681
3 Discussion 687
3.1 Stop-Gap Collaboration 687
3.2 Manual-Assist Collaboration 687
3.3 Creative Collaboration 690
3.4 Environmental Collaboration 690
4 Conclusion 691
Acknowledgements 692
References 692
A Reconfigurable Modular Swarm Robotic System for ISRU (In-Situ Resource Utilisation) Autonomous 3D Printing in Extreme Environments 694
Abstract 694
1 Introduction 694
2 History of Robotics Within the Construction Industry 695
2.1 State of the Art-on-Site Robotics 695
2.2 Discrepancy Between Industry and Academia 697
3 Case Study - Proposal 698
3.1 Proposed Framework for Martian 3D Printing Swarm Robotic System 699
4 Conclusion 705
References 705
A Smart Material System for Real-Time Urban Flow Data Collection Toward Responsive Environments and Informed Decision Making in Urban Spaces 708
Abstract 708
1 Introduction 709
2 Background 710
2.1 Smart Systems for Urban Flows 710
2.2 Location Data Gathering Systems 710
2.3 Graphene Sensors 711
3 Aims and Objectives 711
4 Methodology 712
4.1 Material Research - Stage One 712
4.1.1 Conductive Ink with GNPs 712
4.1.2 Substrate Investigation 712
4.1.3 Formal Exploration of Electrodes 713
4.2 Material Research - Stage Two 714
4.2.1 Base Material Research - Passive Material 714
4.2.2 GNP Composite Motivation 715
4.2.3 GNP Composite Research - Active Material 715
4.2.4 GNP Heating Composite Test 717
4.3 System Development 718
4.3.1 General Characteristics 718
4.3.2 Physical Prototyping 719
5 Data Gathering and Analysis 720
6 Conclusion 721
References 721
Supportless 3D Printing of Shells: Adaptation of Ancient Vaulting Techniques to Digital Fabrication 723
1 Introduction 723
2 Background 725
3 Computational Design for 3D Printing of a Shell on a Convex Boundary 726
3.1 Patching a Square 727
3.2 Patching a General Quadrilateral 727
3.3 Patching Algorithm 730
4 Generation of Robotic Routes 731
5 Prototyping with ABB 120 and a 3Doodler Pro 733
6 Application to Gridshells 734
7 Conclusion 734
References 735
Discussing the Potential of BMS Data Mining to Extract Abnormal Building Behaviour Related to Occupants' Usage 736
1 Introduction 736
2 Building Data 737
3 Approach 738
3.1 Case Study 738
3.2 Method 738
4 Results 740
5 Discussion and Design Guidelines 741
5.1 Design Guidelines 742
6 Conclusion 744
References 744
Multi-objective Parametric Massing Optimisation for a Sustainable and Healthy Urban Living Environment 746
Abstract 746
1 Introduction 746
2 Software 749
3 Design KPIs 749
4 Initial Massing Form-Finding 750
5 Modular Design Analysis 751
5.1 Sun in the Park 751
5.2 Low-Noise in Park and Apartments 751
5.3 View on the Park 752
5.4 Multi-sided Apartments 753
5.5 Sun on the Façade 754
5.6 South Facades and PV Roof Areas 754
6 Multi-objective Optimisation 754
7 Results 756
8 Conclusion 759
Acknowledgments 760
References 760
Towards a Seat Search System for Hot-Desking 761
Abstract 761
1 Introduction 761
1.1 Recent Improvement in Building Environment Control 761
1.2 Fulfilling Every User’s Demand in an Era of Hot-Desking 761
2 Investigating Current Space 762
2.1 Methods 762
2.2 Results 765
3 Discussion 768
3.1 Issues on Data Quality 768
3.2 User Input and Visualisation 768
3.3 Future Work 772
4 Conclusion 773
Acknowledgements 773
References 773
Immersive Environments for Persistent Modelling and Generative Design Strategies in an Informal Settlement 775
Abstract 775
1 Introduction 775
1.1 Historical Context of VR/AR 775
1.2 Project Description 776
2 The Logic of Persistent Modeling 777
3 Assessing Design Decisions Across Scales 778
3.1 Large Scale: Using Attractors to Regulate Height Within the Massing Model 779
3.2 Medium Scale: Using Mesh Relaxation to Define Façade Enclosure for Modular Dwellings 781
3.3 Small Scale: Using Kangaroo to Simulate Inflation of Façade Panels for Temperature Regulation 783
4 Conclusions 785
Acknowledgements 786
References 786
Immersive Exhibition as Expanded Cinema: Augmenting Multisensory Experiences Through Responsive Atmosphere 788
Abstract 788
1 Introduction 788
2 The Act of Seeing as Incentives 790
3 Physical Computing for Multisensory Environment 791
3.1 Installation Overview 791
3.2 Data Processing and Visualization 792
3.3 Design and Assembly of the Umbrella Module 793
3.4 Hardware and Control System 795
4 Design Results and Discussion 796
4.1 Augmenting Sensations Through Interactions Across Mediums 796
4.2 Future Developments 797
5 Conclusion 797
Acknowledgement 798
References 798
Correction to: Impact: Design With All Senses 799
Correction to: C. Gengnagel et al. (Eds.): Impact: Design With All Senses, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29829-6 799
Author Index 800