Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management (eBook)

W. Henk M. Zijm is a full professor in Production and Supply Chain Management at the Department of Industrial Engineering and Business Information Systems at the University of Twente since 1990. Previously, he has been project manager at Philips Electronics in Eindhoven, and professor in Operations Management at the Eindhoven University of Technology.  At the University of Twente, he served among others as Director of the Centre for Telematics and Information Technology, Dean of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, and Rector Magnificus (Vice Chancellor). Professor Zijm is also a past president of ISIR (the International Society for Inventory Research, Budapest). In 2010, he was appointed as scientific director of the Dutch Institute for Advanced Logistics (DINALOG), a national institute responsible for executing the Dutch government imposed innovation program on logistics and supply chain management. Between 2014 and 2016 he also served as vice-chair of the European Technology Platform for Logistics, which helps to design roadmaps that drive the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program in Transport and Logistics. Professor Zijm has published more than 120 articles in international refereed scientific journals and is the (co-)author of three books. He has been a consultant to a wide variety of industrial organisations in the Netherlands and in Europe.Matthias Klumpp is a full professor in logistics at FOM University of Applied Sciences Essen and research group leader in production and logistics at the University of Duisburg-Essen and the Fraunhofer Institute for Material Flow and Logistics in Dortmund (Germany). His research is addressing primarily topics regarding artificial intelligence and digital business concepts, sustainability as well as qualification and training in the supply chain and logistics field. He has held several visiting and policy positions e.g. at the Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (University of Lugano, Switzerland), University of Twente (Netherlands), European University Institute (Florence School of Regulation) and for the ESCO Expert Group on Qualification in Logistics for the European Commission (Brussels, Belgium).  Alberto Regattieri is a full professor in Logistics and Head of the Management Engineering Master Course at the University of Bologna (Italy). His current research interests include the optimal design of manufacturing systems, innovative approaches to design and manage Supply Chains, Industrial Logistics,  control and maintenance of industrial plants. He is/was responsible of several research projects in co-operation with - and funded by – European Commission, private and public companies, universities and international research centers regarding supply chain and logistics fields. He published more than 170 scientific papers.  Sunderesh S. Heragu is Regents Professor and Head of the School of Industrial Engineering and Management at Oklahoma State University where he holds the Donald and Cathey Humphreys Chair. Previously, he was the Duthie Chair in Engineering Logistics and Director of the Logistics and Distribution Institute (LoDI) at the University of Louisville. He has also served as Professor of at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Assistant Professor in State University of New York, Plattsburgh, and held visiting appointments at: State University of New York, Buffalo; Technical University of Eindhoven, the Netherlands; University of Twente, the Netherlands; and IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY.  He is author of the 4th edition of Facilities Design and has authored or co-authored over two hundred articles. He has served as Principal investigator or co-investigator on research projects totaling over $20 million funded by federal agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security, National Science Foundation, Defense Logistics Agency and private companies such as General Electric. Dr. Heragu is a Fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE) and has received IISE’s David F. Baker Distinguished Research award, Award for Technical Innovation in Industrial Engineering.

Contents 6
Editors and Contributors 9
Introductory Chapters 19
1 Objectives, Educational Developments and Structure of the Book 20
1.1 Preliminaries 21
1.2 Developments in Education and Teaching 21
1.3 Objectives of This Textbook 22
1.4 Structure and “How to Use” 25
1.5 Further Reading 29
References 31
2 Perspectives on Operations Management Developments and Research 32
2.1 Developments in Society and the Business World 32
2.2 Disruptors and Their Impact on Supply Chains 33
2.3 Digitization in Logistics and Supply Chain Operations 34
2.3.1 Supply Chain Transparency, Safety, and Security 34
2.3.2 Supply Chain Control Towers and the Physical Internet 35
2.3.3 E-commerce and Last-Mile Delivery 35
2.4 Industry 4.0/Smart Industry 36
2.4.1 Additive Manufacturing 36
2.4.2 Internet of Things 37
2.4.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 37
2.4.4 Robotics and Driverless Vehicles 38
2.4.5 Cloud Computing and Cloud Manufacturing 38
2.4.6 Virtual Reality 39
2.5 Societal Developments 39
2.5.1 Shared Economy 39
2.5.2 Sustainability and the Environment: The Circular Economy 40
2.6 Summary and Conclusions 41
2.7 Further Reading 42
References 42
3 Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Definitions and Objectives 43
3.1 History 43
3.2 Case Study: The VOC and the Birth of the First Worldwide Supply Chain 45
3.2.1 Historical and Geographical Background of the Dutch East Indies Company 45
3.2.2 Batavia as the Center of the VOC Logistical Network in the East 46
3.3 Definitions 49
3.4 Key Aspects of Supply Chains and Logistics 50
3.5 Relations to Other Scientific Disciplines 54
3.6 Further Reading and Links 57
References 57
Key Domains of Supply Chains 59
4 Purchasing and Supply Management 60
4.1 History and Relevance (Basic) 60
4.2 Definition and Objectives (Basic) 62
4.3 Case Study Purchasing at Volkswagen: Building a Global Leader 64
4.4 Different Purchasing Situations and Different Purchaser Roles (Basic) 66
4.4.1 Different Purchasing Situations 66
4.4.2 Role Models in Purchasing 68
4.5 The Year Cycle of Purchasing (Basic) 69
4.5.1 Overview 69
4.5.2 Category Management Cycle 71
4.5.3 Purchasing Department Cycle 74
4.6 Theories Supporting Purchasing Decisions (Advanced) 76
4.7 The Kralji? Matrix and the Development of Sourcing Strategies (Advanced) 79
4.8 Lever Analysis and Cost Savings (Advanced) 81
4.9 Achieving Preferred Customer Status and Supplier Satisfaction (State-of-the-Art) 83
4.9.1 Preferred Customer Policy as Means to Achieve Competitive Advantage 83
4.9.2 Social Exchange Theory: Supplier Satisfaction as Antecedent to Preferred Customer Status 84
4.10 Further Reading 87
References 87
5 Manufacturing Systems 89
5.1 Manufacturing: Definition and Brief History 89
5.2 Manufacturing Systems: Fundamentals (Basic) 92
5.2.1 Product/Market Typology 92
5.2.2 Manufacturing Process Typology 94
5.2.3 Manufacturing Performance Measures 95
5.3 Case Study: El-O-Matic 97
5.4 Manufacturing Organization (Advanced) 98
5.5 Future Manufacturing Systems (State-of-the-Art) 105
5.6 Further Reading 107
References 108
6 Marketing Concepts and Instruments in Supply Chain Management 110
6.1 Definitions, Objectives and Logistics Interfaces (Basic) 110
6.2 Case Study: Customer Orientation Repair Shops 115
6.3 Basic Functions and Interactions: Markets, Distribution Channels and Partners, Time-to-Market (Basic) 116
6.3.1 Development of Marketing Concepts: The 4P Example 116
6.3.2 Distribution Channels 117
6.3.3 Time to Market 119
6.3.4 Cows, Dogs, and Stars? 120
6.4 Quantitative Methods (Advanced) 123
6.5 Market Research Methods 125
6.5.1 Steps in a Market Research Process 126
6.5.2 Multivariate Analysis Methods in Market Research 130
6.6 Forecasting Methods (State of the Art) 136
6.6.1 Conjoint Analysis 136
6.6.2 Marketing Intelligence 138
6.6.3 Risk Analysis with Monte-Carlo Simulation 139
6.7 Case Study: Telecommunication Customer Segmentation Using Machine Learning 139
6.8 Further Reading 140
References 141
7 International Trade, Global Supply Chains and Compliance 143
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 A Definition of the Global Supply Chain 144
7.2.1 Defining the Supply Chain 144
7.2.2 The Mechanism of International Trade 147
7.2.3 The Global Supply Chain 151
7.3 Compliance Requirements in International Business 155
7.3.1 The Introduction of Global Security Schemes 155
7.3.2 Customs Regulation 158
7.4 New Enforcement Vision: Towards Trusted Tradelanes 161
7.4.1 A New Enforcement Vision 162
7.4.2 Fulfilling Compliance Requirements for Trusted Tradelanes 163
7.5 Concluding Remarks 171
7.6 Further Reading 172
References 172
Overarching Topics 174
8 Information Technology 175
8.1 Introduction 175
8.2 Enterprise Systems (Basic) 177
8.2.1 Customer Focused Systems 178
8.2.2 Internally Focused Systems 179
8.2.3 Supply Chain Systems 180
8.2.4 Electronic Data Interchange 183
8.3 Enterprise Systems Infrastructure (Basic) 184
8.4 Cloud Computing (Advanced) 187
8.5 Case Study: The FIspace Cloud Based Collaboration Platform 190
8.5.1 The FIspace: Main Features and Building Blocks 191
8.6 Big Data (Advanced) 195
8.7 The Internet of Things (State-of-the-Art) 197
8.7.1 The Physical Internet 198
8.8 Further Reading 199
References 200
9 Actionable Sustainability in Supply Chains 201
9.1 Introduction: Evidence and Sense of Urgency (Basic) 201
9.2 Sustainability in Supply Chains (Basic) 203
9.2.1 Key Terms 203
9.2.2 Societal and Technological Developments Driving a Sustainable Agenda for SCM 204
9.3 Knowing: Sustainability and SCM (Basic) 206
9.3.1 The TripleTriple-Bottom Line 206
9.3.2 TBL Related to SCM Practices 208
9.4 Doing: Building Blocks of Actionable Sustainability (Advanced) 209
9.5 Mobilising Actions Through Modes of Innovations (State of the Art) 210
9.6 Further Reading 212
References 212
10 Human Resource and Knowledge Management 214
10.1 Introduction: Logistics Personnel and Qualification (Basic) 215
10.2 Case Study: Bohnen Logistics 218
10.3 Terminology and Competence Requirements 219
10.4 HRM Tools in Logistics (Advanced) 223
10.5 Knowledge Management Tools in Logistics 227
10.6 Qualification Analysis and the Berufswertigkeit Concept (State-of-the-Art) 230
10.7 Innovation in HR and Knowledge Management: Edugaming 233
References 237
Functions in Production and Logistics 239
11 Inbound Logistics 240
11.1 Concepts of Inbound Logistics (Basic) 240
11.1.1 Definition and Performance Criteria 241
11.1.2 Delivery and Transportation Concepts 242
11.2 Planning and Decision Support for Inbound Logistics (Advanced) 245
11.2.1 Network Design 246
11.2.2 Inventory and Freight: Frequency Optimization 246
11.2.3 The Joint Replenishment Problem 249
11.2.4 Inventory Routing Problems 250
11.3 Case Study 251
11.4 Research for Inbound Logistics (State-of-the-Art) 252
11.4.1 The Loading Dock Waiting Time Problem 253
11.4.2 Sequencing and Resequencing 254
11.5 Further Reading 254
References 255
12 Manufacturing Planning and Control Systems 257
12.1 Production Under Deterministic Demand (Basic) 258
12.2 Manufacturing Resources Planning and Hierarchical Production Planning (Basic) 261
12.2.1 Manufacturing Resources Planning 261
12.2.2 Hierarchical Production Planning 264
12.3 Case Study: The Toyota Production System 265
12.4 Just-in-Time, Kanban and Lean Production (Advanced) 267
12.5 Workload Control and Theory of Constraints (Advanced) 270
12.6 Digital and Cloud Manufacturing (State-of-the-Art) 272
12.7 Further Reading 275
References 276
13 Packaging Logistics 278
13.1 History, Modern Function and References Framework of Packaging (Basic) 279
13.2 Modern Functions of Packaging 280
13.3 Packaging Logistics Reference Framework 282
13.4 Supply Chain Packaging Costs Evaluation and Unit Load Design (Advanced) 287
13.5 Unit Load Design 291
13.6 New Challenges in Packaging 4.0 (State of the Art) 292
13.7 E-commerce 292
13.8 Packaging and Traceability 295
13.9 Smart (Intelligent) Packaging 298
13.10 Further Reading 300
Annex 300
References 305
14 Outbound Logistics and Distribution Management 309
14.1 Definition and Objectives in Outbound Logistics and Distribution Management 310
14.2 Case Study: Ann Inc. 313
14.3 Core Concepts of Distribution (Basic) 315
14.3.1 Conceptual Definitions and Levels of Distribution Management 315
14.3.2 Additional Concepts in Outbound and Distribution 317
14.4 Multi-perspective Outbound Management (Advanced) 321
14.4.1 Location Analysis for Distribution 321
14.4.2 Comprehensive Location-Allocation Model 323
14.4.3 Transport Mode Analysis and Selection 325
14.4.4 Vehicle Routing in Distribution 326
14.4.5 Last Mile and Urban Distribution 328
14.5 New Developments in Distribution (State-of-the-Art) 328
14.6 Outlook and Further Reading 331
References 333
15 Warehousing 335
15.1 History of Warehousing 335
15.2 Design and Analysis of Warehouses (Basic) 336
15.2.1 Basic Elements of a Warehouse 336
15.2.2 Storage and Material Handling Systems 338
15.2.3 Simple Model for Warehouse Design 339
15.3 Case Study: Unilever Warehouse 342
15.4 Warehouse Design, Storage, Routing, and Travel Policies (Advanced) 343
15.4.1 Advanced Model for Warehouse Design 344
15.4.2 Storage Policies 347
15.4.3 Routing Strategies 349
15.5 Current Topics that May Shape the Future of Warehousing (State of the Art) 352
15.5.1 Trends Impacting Warehouse Design, Function, and Operations 352
15.5.2 Materials Handling Roadmap 352
15.5.3 Warehouse Design Conceptualization 353
15.5.4 Further Reading 353
References 354
16 Closed Loop Supply Chain Management 356
16.1 Fundamentals of Closed Loop Supply Chain Management (Basic) 356
16.1.1 A Framework for Closed Loop Supply Chains 357
16.1.2 CLSC Configurations 359
16.1.3 CLSC Business Value 360
16.2 Key Concepts in Closed Loop Supply Chains (Basic) 360
16.2.1 Acquisition 361
16.2.2 Disassembly and Recovery 364
16.2.3 Remarketing 366
16.3 Interaction of Forward and Reverse Flows (Advanced) 366
16.3.1 Forecasting the Flow of Reusable Products 367
16.3.2 Forward and Reverse Network Design 368
16.3.3 Combined Manufacturing and Product Recovery 370
16.4 Flow Integration and Data Management (State-of-the-Art) 373
16.4.1 Integrated Forward and Reverse Network Design 373
16.4.2 Estimating Lead Time Net Demand 374
16.4.3 Using Sensor Data and the Internet of Things 375
16.5 Further Reading 376
References 376
Models for Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management 379
17 Location Analysis and Network Design 380
17.1 Introduction (Basic) 380
17.2 Case Study: Amazon.Com 381
17.3 Taxonomy of Location Models (Basic) 382
17.4 Basic Discrete Model Forms (Basic) 383
17.5 Multiple Objectives and Incorporating Inventory into Location Models (Advanced) 391
17.6 Reliability in Location Modeling (State-of-the-Art) 394
17.7 Further Reading 397
References 397
18 Process Engineering and Optimization 400
18.1 Essentials of Process Planning and Project Scheduling (Basic) 400
18.2 Interaction of Process Planning and Production Scheduling (Advanced) 405
18.3 Special Topics in Process Engineering (State-of-the-Art) 410
18.4 Further Reading 414
References 414
19 Advanced Production Planning and Scheduling Systems 417
19.1 Introduction: Setting the Stage (Basic) 418
19.2 Case Study: Injection Molding Machinery (IMM) 419
19.3 Integrated Capacity and Master Production Planning (Basic) 420
19.4 Throughput and Lead Time Under Workload Control: A Queuing Network Analysis (Advanced) 424
19.5 Workload Control Under External Demand for Production to Stock (Advanced) 428
19.6 Job Shop Scheduling (State-of-the-Art) 432
19.7 The Shifting Bottleneck Heuristic (State-of-the-Art) 436
19.8 Further Reading 438
References 439
20 Stochastic Inventory Models 440
20.1 Stochastic Inventory Models: Definitions and Terminology (Basic) 440
20.2 Case Study: Inventory Management at IKEA 445
20.3 Periodic Review Stochastic Inventory Systems with Backlogging (Advanced) 447
20.4 Multi-stage, Periodic Review Inventory Systems (State-of-the-Art) 454
20.4.1 Linear Multi-stage Inventory Systems 455
20.4.2 Two-Stage Distribution Systems 458
20.5 Computational Procedures, Based on Incomplete Convolutions (State-of-the-Art) 463
20.6 Further Reading 464
References 465
21 Transportation Management 467
21.1 Transportation Network Design (Basic) 467
21.1.1 Basic Structure of a Transportation Network 469
21.1.2 Terminology of Transportation Networks 470
21.1.3 Selection of Transportation Modes 471
21.1.4 Selection of Transportation Units and Loading Units 472
21.1.5 Timing of Transportation 473
21.1.6 Intermodal Transportation 474
21.2 Design of Integrated Transportation Networks (Advanced) 475
21.2.1 Synchromodal Transportation 476
21.2.2 Long-Haul Transportation 478
21.2.3 Last-Mile Transportation 479
21.3 Current Research Trends in Integrated Transportation Networks (State-of-the-Art) 480
21.3.1 Multi-Criteria Analysis 481
21.3.2 Agent-Based Systems 482
21.3.3 Physical Internet 484
21.4 Further Reading 487
References 488
22 Maintenance Service Logistics 490
22.1 Maintenance of Capital Goods 490
22.2 Basics of Maintenance Service Logistics (Basic) 494
22.2.1 Service Networks 494
22.2.2 Case Study: ASML 498
22.2.3 Decisions and Decision Levels 498
22.2.4 Service Portfolio and Service Processes 500
22.3 Modeling and Decision Making (Advanced) 501
22.3.1 Design of a Service Network 501
22.3.2 Forecasting 502
22.3.3 Inventory Control of Spare Parts 503
22.3.4 Repair Loops 506
22.3.5 Service Tools 507
22.3.6 Service Engineers 508
22.4 New Developments in Maintenance Service Logistics (State-of-the-Art) 508
22.4.1 Technological Developments 508
22.4.2 New Business Models for Maintenance Services 510
22.4.3 Control Towers 511
22.5 Further Reading 511
References 512
New Developments and Special Topics 515
23 Additive Manufacturing and Its Impact on the Supply Chain 516
23.1 Additive Manufacturing (Basics) 517
23.1.1 Basic Technologies, Characteristics and Fields of Application 517
23.1.2 Case Study: Additive Manufacturing for Customized Mountain Bikes 522
23.2 Additive Manufacturing and Supply Chains (Advanced) 523
23.2.1 Impact of AM on the Supply Chain 524
23.2.2 Costs and Benefits of AM in the Supply Chain 526
23.3 Additive Manufacturing of Spare Parts (State-of-the-Art) 527
23.3.1 Specific Opportunities of AM in After-Sales Service Supply Chains 527
23.3.2 Selecting Spare Parts for 3D Printing 529
23.3.3 Case Study: Selecting Spare Parts for AM in the Aviation Industry 534
23.4 Further Reading 536
References 536
24 Future Technologies in Intralogistics and Material Handling 539
24.1 Structure of Today’s Material Handling Systems and Opportunities for Their Improvement (Basic) 539
24.1.1 Today’s Material Handling Systems 539
24.1.2 Desirable Properties and Design Patterns of Future Material Handling Systems 546
24.2 Required Functions and Examples for Flexible, Advanced Material Handling Systems (Advanced) 547
24.2.1 Example Systems for Future Material Handling 549
24.3 Discussing Functional Challenges (State-of-the-Art) 553
24.3.1 Main Functions Needed in Connection-Based and Trip-Based Systems 553
24.3.2 Functions with Special Complexity in Trip-Based Material Handling Systems 560
24.4 Further Reading 566
References 567
25 Supply Chain Security 569
25.1 Understanding Supply Chain Security (Basic) 569
25.2 The Business Perspective of Supply Chain Security (Basic) 570
25.2.1 Supply Chain Resilience 574
25.2.2 Conflicting Interests in Control Needs 574
25.3 Control and Governance of Cross-Border Trade (Advanced) 575
25.3.1 The International Supply Chain Governance Layer 575
25.3.2 The European and American Supply Chain Security Governance Layer 578
25.3.3 Trusted Trade Lane Supervision (State-of-the-Art) 581
25.4 Security in Digitalized Supply Chains and Cyber Resilience (State-of-the-Art) 583
25.5 Further Reading 585
References 585
26 Trends in E-commerce, Logistics and Supply Chain Management 587
26.1 Basic Elements of E-commerce Systems, Supply Chain Management and Logistics Fulfilment 587
26.1.1 Case Study: Dell 590
26.2 Advanced Technologies for Online and Stationary Commerce Including Back-End Logistics Processes 592
26.3 State of the Art in E-commerce, Logistics and Supply Chain Management 595
26.4 Further Reading 602
References 602
27 Multi-agent Systems 605
27.1 Multi-agent Systems and Their Design (Basic) 605
27.1.1 History 606
27.1.2 Definition, Characteristics and Architectures 607
27.1.3 Design Methodologies 610
27.1.4 Case Study: Autonomous Vehicles at a Distribution Centre 611
27.1.5 Application of the Prometheus Design Methodology 612
27.2 Multi-agent Systems for Production Processes and Internal Logistics (Advanced) 615
27.2.1 MAS to Support Manufacturing Planning and Control 616
27.2.2 Case Study: AGV Control in an Industrial Bakery 619
27.3 Multi-agent Systems Within Supply Chains (State-of-the-Art) 622
27.3.1 Applicability of MAS for Supply Chain Management 623
27.3.2 Aligning Barge and Terminal Operations in the Port of Rotterdam 625
27.3.3 Challenges Involved in Inter-company MAS 627
27.4 Further Reading 628
References 629
28 Artificial Intelligence Applications 631
28.1 Developments and Definitions (Basic) 631
28.2 Case Study: Blue Yonder Retail Solution 636
28.3 AI Intralogistics Applications (Basic) 638
28.4 Basic Concepts of AI Applications (Basic) 640
28.5 AI Transportation Applications (Advanced) 643
28.6 AI Concepts and Interactions (Advanced) 645
28.7 AI Applications in Supply Chain Design (State-of-the-Art) 648
28.8 Future AI Concepts (State-of-the-Art) 648
28.9 Outlook and Further Reading (State-of-the-Art) 650
28.10 Further Reading 653
References 653
29 Advanced Green Logistics Strategies and Technologies 657
29.1 Green Logistics Methods and Principles (Basic) 657
29.1.1 Calculation of Logistics Activities’ Environmental Impacts 658
29.1.2 Transport Mode Selection 659
29.2 Relationship to Logistics Social Responsibility and Sustainable Supply Chain Management Literature 661
29.3 Designing Green Logistics Strategies (Advanced) 662
29.3.1 Green Decision Support Systems (GDSS) 662
29.3.2 Green Transportation Strategies 665
29.3.3 Case Study Green Waste Disposal Logistics 666
29.4 Green Transport Technology Developments 667
29.5 Supply Chain Coordination 669
29.6 Sustainable Business Models (State of the Art) 670
29.6.1 Sustainable Business Model Framework 671
29.6.2 Case Study NETs.werk Hörsching 674
29.7 Integrating Green Strategies in Logistics Service Providers’ Business Models 675
29.8 Further Reading 676
References 677
30 Automatic Identification Technology 681
30.1 Introduction 681
30.2 Basic Identification Systems (Basic) 684
30.2.1 Identification Attributes 685
30.2.2 Identification Context 686
30.2.3 Coding 687
30.2.4 GS1 690
30.2.5 Identification Classifications 692
30.3 RFID Technology (Advanced) 692
30.3.1 Working Principle 693
30.3.2 RFID Classification 694
30.3.3 Bulk Reading and Collision Avoidance 697
30.3.4 Fields of Application 699
30.3.5 RFID in the Internet of Things (IoT) 701
30.3.6 Selection of RFID 703
30.4 Future Automatic Identification Technologies (State-of-the-Art) 703
30.4.1 On Metal Tag Systems 703
30.4.2 Chipless RFID Systems 705
30.4.3 Authentication Protocols 706
30.4.4 RFID Based Localization 706
30.4.5 Near Field Authentication for RFID Technology 707
30.4.6 Further Developments 708
30.5 Further Reading 710
References 711
31 The Physical Internet 713
31.1 The Physical Internet Paradigm: A Network of Logistics Networks (Basic) 713
31.2 Trends in Logistics Demand and Consequences (Basic) 715
31.3 Stakes Associated with the Physical Internet (Basic) 716
31.4 Start-up: A Case Study (Basic) 718
31.5 Key Components of the Physical Internet (Advanced) 719
31.5.1 Physical Aspect: Containers 720
31.5.2 Information Sharing 721
31.5.3 Routers 722
31.6 Operations with the Physical Internet (State-of-the Art) 724
31.7 Roles of Key Actors in the Design of the Physical Internet (State-of-the Art) 726
References 728