Additive Manufacturing – Developments in Training and Education (eBook)

Dr Eujin Pei is the Programme Director for the Product Design and Product Design Engineering courses at Brunel University London. He is a Chartered Engineer (CEng) and a Chartered Technological Product Designer (CTPD) with the Institution of Engineering Designers. He worked as a Product Designer possessing considerable expertise in leading and managing industrial collaborative projects. He is the Convenor for the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) TC261/WG4 committee that is responsible for Data Transfer and Design Standards for Additive Manufacturing, and Chair of the British Standards Institute AMT/8 committee for Additive Manufacturing. He is the Managing Editor for the Progress in Additive Manufacturing Journal, and Associate Editor for the Assembly Automation Journal and the Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. He is also an editorial board member of the Rapid Prototyping Journal. Professor Mario D. Monzón Verona is a Doctor in Industrial Engineering and full Professor in Mechanical Engineering department of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University. He has been working in the academic field of Manufacturing processes since 1989. He is in charge of the research group “Advanced and Integrated manufacturing” which main research activities are focused on polymer processing, additive manufacturing/rapid tooling (electroforming), natural fibres applied to composites and technical textiles, biomaterials for additive manufacturing and micro-manufacturing. Professor Alain Bernard graduated in 1982, PhD in 1989, was associate-Professor, from 1990 to 1996 in Centrale Paris. From Sept. 1996 to Oct. 2001, he was Professor in CRAN, Nancy I, in the “Integrated Design and Manufacturing” team. Since 0ct. 2001, he has been Professor at Centrale Nantes and Dean for Research from 2007 to 2012. He is a researcher in LS2N laboratory (UMR CNRS 6004) leading the “Systems Engineering –Products-Processes-Performances-” team. His research topics are KM, PLM, information system modeling, interoperability, enterprise modeling, systems performance assessment, virtual engineering and additive manufacturing. He supervised 30 PhD students and has published more than 250 papers in refereed international journals, books and conferences. He is the vice-President of AFPR (French Association on Rapid prototyping and Additive Manufacturing), vice-chairman of WG5.1 of IFIP (Global Product Development for the whole product lifecycle) and member of the CIRP Council. He is also scientific adviser on Engineering Sciences at the French Ministry for Higher Education and Research.

Foreword I 6
Foreword II 8
Preface 10
Review I 11
Review II 13
Contents 14
About the Editors 16
Knowledge Transfer and Standards Needs in Additive Manufacturing 18
1 Introduction 18
2 Standardization Needs in Additive Manufacturing 19
3 Training Needs and Knowledge Transfer in Additive Manufacturing 21
4 How Standards Can Support Knowledge Transfer for Additive Manufacturing 26
5 Conclusions 29
References 29
Continuing Education and Part-Time Training on Additive Manufacturing for People in Employment—an Approach Focused on Content-Related and Didactical Excellence 31
1 Background 31
2 Fundamentals of Part-Time Training in Continuing Education 34
2.1 Relevance of Continuing Education for Today’s Industry 34
2.2 General Requirements of the Learning Psychology for Part-Time Training in Continuing Education 35
2.3 Design of a Part-Time Training in Continuing Education 37
3 Fraunhofer’s Modular Network Approach for Continuing Education and Part-Time Training in the Field of Additive Manufacturing 38
3.1 Introducing Fraunhofer IGCV and Fraunhofer Academy 38
3.2 Modular Framework for Continuing Education and Part-Time Training Within Fraunhofer Gesellschaft Under the Umbrella of Fraunhofer Academy 38
3.3 Developed Modules 40
References 48
Additive Manufacturing: Instrumental Systems Used in Research, Education, and Service 50
1 Introduction 50
1.1 AM’s Technological Advancements and Affordability 50
1.2 The Response to Global Competition 51
1.3 Undergraduate Student Recruitment and Retention in the STEM Field 52
2 Additive Manufacturing Education at the Undergraduate Level 53
2.1 Additive Manufacturing as a Stand-Alone Course 53
2.2 Additive Manufacturing Education in the Context of Other Courses 56
2.3 Additive Manufacturing in Capstone Design Course 57
3 Research Activities on Additive Manufacturing 59
3.1 Research on Developing an Additive Manufacturing Process 59
3.2 Utilizing Additive Manufacturing for Applied Research 63
4 Service and Outreach 63
5 Conclusion 64
References 64
Introducing the State-of-the-Art Additive Manufacturing Research in Education 68
1 Introduction 68
2 Literature Review-Based Learning 70
3 Project-Based Learning 73
4 Summary and Further Remarks 78
References 79
Developing an Understanding of the Cost of Additive Manufacturing 81
1 Introduction to Product Cost Estimation 81
2 Understanding the Characteristics of Additive Manufacturing Cost Models 83
3 How to Build an Additive Manufacturing Cost Model 85
4 Using Cost Estimators in Breakeven Analyses 88
5 Problems and Extensions 89
5.1 Efficient Capacity Utilisation 89
5.2 Additive Manufacturing as a Multi-step Process 90
5.3 The Expected Cost Effect of Process Failure 90
6 The Cost Impact of Design Adaptation 91
7 Some Additional Considerations 92
8 Using Specific Cost Estimates 92
9 Conclusions 95
References 96
Intellectual Property Rights and Additive Manufacturing 98
1 Scope of the Problem 98
2 General Elements of IP Disruption: The Legal Nature of CAD and the Territoriality of IPRs 99
3 Specific Elements of Disruption: Copyright, Trademarks and Patents 100
3.1 CAD Copyright and Infringement Standards in Additive Manufacturing 101
3.2 Trademark Protection, Functions and Infringement with Additive Manufacturing 103
3.3 Patentability of CAD and Patent Enforcement Challenges 104
4 Navigating the Challenge—Some Practical Suggestions 107
References 109
Additive Manufacturing Validation Methods, Technology Transfer Based on Case Studies 111
1 Introduction 111
2 Challenges for Technology Transfer—The Additive Manufacturing Business Ecosystem and Technology Convergence 112
2.1 Economics: Can Additive Manufacturing Compete in Cost? 113
2.2 If Cost is the Barrier, What are the Enablers? 115
2.3 How to Justify Technology Implementation? Steps Towards Technology Transfer 119
3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 121
References 122
FoFAM and AM-Motion Initiatives: A Strategic Framework for Additive Manufacturing Deployment in Europe 125
1 Introduction 125
2 FoFAM and AM-Motion: Strategic Actions 126
3 The Regional Framework and Policies 133
4 Conclusions 135
References 136
The Machine Tool Industry’s Changing Skills Needs: What is the Impact of Additive Manufacturing Technologies? 138
1 Technological Evolution of the Machine Tool Industry: From Subtractive to Additive Manufacturing 138
2 Skills Needed in the Machine Tool Industry 140
3 Impact of Additive Manufacturing Technologies on the Machine Tool Workforce 142
4 Conclusions and Recommendations on Additive Manufacturing Education 146
References 147
Teaching Design for Additive Manufacturing Through Problem-Based Learning 150
1 Problem-Based Learning 150
2 Design for Additive Manufacturing 151
3 The Application of PBL for Industry DfAM Courses at Lund University 153
4 Conclusions 158
References 159
‘What is in a Word?’—The Use and Background for Terms and Definitions in Additive Manufacturing 161
1 Introduction 161
2 The Origin and Background for Terms and Abbreviations Used in Additive Manufacturing Technology 161
3 Process Names, Brand Names and Acronyms 163
3.1 ‘3D Printing’ 163
3.2 ‘Laser Sintering’ 165
3.3 ‘Fused Deposition Modelling’ 167
3.4 ‘SLA’, ‘LOM’ and Others 167
3.5 Describing the Process: As Rapid Prototyping or Industrial Manufacturing? 168
3.6 International Standards Development 169
3.7 Process Categories and Structure of Concepts 171
4 Summary 173
References 179
Functional, Technical and Economical Requirements Integration for Additive Manufacturing Design Education 180
1 Introduction 180
2 Design for Additive Manufacturing 181
3 Constraints and Quality Considerations in Design for Additive Manufacturing 186
4 Cost Considerations in Design for Additive Manufacturing 188
5 Conclusions 190
References 190
Additive Manufacturing Systems for Medical Applications: Case Studies 195
1 Introduction 195
2 Overview of Additive Manufacturing Systems in Biomedical Applications 196
2.1 Vat Photopolymerization Processes 197
2.2 Powder Bed Fusion 197
2.3 Material Extrusion 199
2.4 Inkjet Printing Processes 202
3 Case Studies of Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 202
3.1 Hand-Wrist-Forearm Orthosis 204
3.2 Finger Orthosis 205
3.3 Mandibular Reconstruction Using Autologous Bone and Cutting Guides 207
3.4 Customized Cranial Prostheses 208
3.5 Personalized Insoles 210
3.6 Bone Composite Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine 211
4 Conclusions 212
References 215
Professional Training of AM at the European Level 218
1 Introduction 218
2 Demand for Personnel Training in Additive Manufacturing 219
3 Tackling AM Training at a European Level 219
4 Conclusions 222
References 223
Future Challenges in Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing 225
1 Introduction 225
2 Fabrication Processes and Data Exchange Formats for Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing 226
3 Challenges for the Production of Functionally Graded Additive Manufactured Parts 228
4 Future Directions for Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing 230
5 Conclusion 232
References 233
16 Erratum to: ‘What is in a Word?’—The Use and Background for Terms and Definitions in Additive Manufacturing 235
Erratum to:& #6
Useful Information 236