Ecotribology (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Ecotribology: Development, Prospects, and Challenges 9
Abstract 9
1 Introduction 9
2 Motivation 10
3 Efficient Ecotribological Systems 12
3.1 Components of Efficient Ecotribological Systems 12
3.2 Goals of Efficient Ecotribology 18
3.3 Optimization Levers in Ecotribology 20
3.4 Challenges for Efficient Ecotribology 21
3.5 Prospects of Efficient Ecotribology 22
3.5.1 Three Gaps Toward Sustainability 23
3.6 Current Efforts in Ecotribology Exemplified by the World Tribology Congress 24
4 Sustainable Ecotribological Systems: Best Practice from Living Nature 25
4.1 Materials 25
4.1.1 Biomining with Bacteria 26
4.1.2 Mining with Plants for Bulk Metals 27
4.1.3 Mining with Plants for Metallic Nanocrystals 29
4.2 Structures 29
4.2.1 Structure Rather Than Material 32
4.2.2 Tribologically Optimized Microstructures in Organisms 35
4.2.3 Tribologically Optimized Nanostructures in Organisms 36
4.2.4 Bridging the Gap: Functionality Across Scales 37
4.3 Processes 37
4.3.1 Biominerals 37
4.3.2 Production of Microscopic Tribosystems in Freezing Water 38
4.3.3 Proteins Controlling Biomineralization 38
4.4 Knowledge Transfer to Ecotribology 40
4.4.1 Common Language 40
4.4.2 Biomimetics 41
5 Conclusions and Outlook 42
References 43
2 Advancements in Eco-friendly Lubricants for Tribological Applications: Past, Present, and Future 48
Abstract 48
1 Lubrication Fundamentals 49
2 History of Eco-friendly Lubricants 50
2.1 Present: Eco-friendly Lubricants 51
2.2 Drawbacks to Eco-friendly Lubricants 52
3 Future: Eco-friendly Lubricants 52
3.1 Ionic Lubricants 52
3.2 Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Lubricants 54
4 Case Study: Room Temperature Ionic Liquids 56
4.1 Study 1: Ionic Liquids as Additives in Natural Oils 56
4.2 Study 2: Ionic Liquid Anion-Cation Moiety Manipulation 58
4.3 Environmentally Friendly Ionic Liquid Lubricants 60
5 Conclusions 62
References 63
3 New Emerging Self-lubricating Metal Matrix Composites for Tribological Applications 69
Abstract 69
1 Introduction 70
2 Why Self-lubricating Materials? 71
3 Self-lubricating Metal Composites 73
3.1 Aluminum Matrix Composites 74
3.2 Copper Matrix Composites 85
3.3 Magnesium Matrix Composites 94
3.4 Nickel Matrix Composites 97
4 Summary 100
References 103
4 Multi-objective Optimization of Engine Parameters While Bio-lubricant--Biofuel Combination of VCR Engine Using Taguchi-Grey Approach 110
Abstract 110
1 Introduction 111
2 Materials and Methods 112
2.1 Formulation of Rapeseed Oil Bio-lubricant 112
2.2 Experimental Design and Methodology 113
3 Grey Relational Analysis 116
3.1 Grey Relational Grade 120
4 Results and Discussion 121
4.1 Analysis of Grey Relational Grade 121
4.1.1 Effect of Engine Load on Grey Grade 122
4.1.2 Effect of Compression Ratio on Grey Grade 122
4.1.3 Effect of Lubricant on Grey Grade 124
5 Analysis of Variance for Grey Grade 124
6 Confirmatory Test 125
7 Conclusions 126
References 127
5 Biolubricants and the Potential of Waste Cooking Oil 129
Abstract 129
1 Introduction 129
2 Lubricants and Biolubricants 130
2.1 Biolubricants in the Recent Era 131
2.2 Characteristics of Biolubricant Oils 134
2.3 Edible and Inedible Oils 136
3 Waste Cooking Oil 137
3.1 Operating Parameters Effects on Wear and Frictional Behavior of Wet Contact Surfaces 139
3.2 Effect of Lubricant Temperature on the Wear and Frictional Behavior of Metals 139
4 The Potential of Using Waste Cooking Oils as Lubricants 140
4.1 Oil Collections and Experimental Procedure 140
4.2 Initial Results 141
5 Conclusions 143
References 144
6 Two-Body Abrasion of Bamboo Fibre/Epoxy Composites 148
Abstract 148
1 Introduction 148
2 Material Preparation and Experimental Procedure 149
2.1 Material Preparation 149
2.2 Preparation of Composites 150
2.3 Experimental Procedure 151
3 Results and Discussion 153
3.1 Tribological Performance of Synthetic and Natural Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites Under Different Dry Contact Conditions 153
3.2 Wear Performance of Bamboo 153
3.2.1 Neat Epoxy Wear Rate 155
3.2.2 Wear Performance of Glass 155
3.2.3 Comparison of Wear Performance of Neat Epoxy and Its Composites 158
3.2.4 Frictional Performance of Bamboo 161
3.2.5 Frictional Performance of Glass 161
3.2.6 Frictional Performance of Neat Epoxy 163
3.2.7 Comparison of Frictional Performance of Neat Epoxy and Its Composites 166
3.3 Surface Observation for Neat Epoxy and Its Composites 166
4 Conclusions 173
References 174
Index 176