Primate Adaptation and Evolution (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Primate Adaptation & Evolution
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PREFACE 18
CHAPTER ONE. Adaptation, Evolution, and Systematics 22
Adaptation 22
Evolution 23
Phylogeny 23
Taxonomy and Systematics 26
BIBLIOGRAPHY 30
CHAPTER TWO. The Primate Body 32
Size 32
Cranial Anatomy 33
The Brain and Senses 40
The Trunk and Limbs 48
Soft Tissues 56
Growth, Development, and Aging 60
BIBLIOGRAPHY 63
CHAPTER THREE. Primate Life 66
Primate Habitats 66
Land Use 72
Activity Patterns 72
A Primate Day 74
Primate Diets 75
Locomotion 75
Social Life 78
Why Primates Live in Groups 80
Primate Communities 84
BIBLIOGRAPHY 84
CHAPTER FOUR. Prosimians 88
Malagasy Strepsirhines 89
Subfossil Malagasy Prosimians 108
ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF MALAGASY PRIMATES 112
Galagos and Lorises 113
ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF GALAGOS AND LORISES 118
PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF STREPSIRHINES 119
Tarsiers 121
PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF TARSIERS 124
BIBLIOGRAPHY 124
CHAPTER FIVE. New World Anthropoids 132
Anatomy of Higher Primates 133
Platyrrhines 135
Callitrichines 156
ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF PLATYRRHINES 168
PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PLATYRRHINES 169
BIBLIOGRAPHY 171
CHAPTER SIX. Old World Monkeys 180
Catarrhine Anatomy 180
Cercopithecoids 182
ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF OLD WORLD MONKEYS 212
PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF OLD WORLD MONKEYS 213
BIBLIOGRAPHY 214
CHAPTER SEVEN. Apes and Humans 224
Hominoids 225
ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF HOMINOIDS 244
PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF HOMINOIDS 245
BIBLIOGRAPHY 246
CHAPTER EIHGT. Primate Adaptations 252
Effects of Size 252
Adaptations to Diet 262
Locomotor Adaptations 265
Anatomical Correlates of Social Organization 274
BIBLIOGRAPHY 276
CHAPTER NINE. The Fossil Record 278
Geological Time 279
Fossils and Fossilization 282
Paleoenvironments 285
Reconstructing Behavior 286
Paleobiogeography 286
BIBLIOGRAPHY 287
CHAPTER TEN. Archaic Primates 290
Primate Origins: Purgatorius 291
Plesiadapiforms 292
ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF PLESIADAPIFORMS 304
PLESIADAPIFORMS AND LATER PRIMATES 305
BIBLIOGRAPHY 306
CHAPTER ELEVEN. Fossil Prosimians 310
The First Modern Primates 311
Adapids 313
ARE ADAPIDS STREPSIRHINES? 324
Fossil Lorises and Galagos 325
Omomyids 326
Tarsiids 334
OMOMYIDS AND LATER PRIMATES 334
ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS OF EOCENE PROSIMIANS 336
PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF ADAPIDS AND OMOMYIDS 339
BIBLIOGRAPHY 340
CHAPTER TWELVE. Early Anthropoids and Fossil Platyrrhines 346
Possible Early Higher Primates 347
Fossil Primates from Fayum, Egypt 347
THE FAYUM PRIMATES IN ANTHROPOID EVOLUTION 361
Fossil Platyrrhines 365
SUMMARY OF FOSSIL PLATYRRHINES 370
PLATYRRHINE ORIGINS 372
PROSIMIAN ORIGINS OF ANTHROPOIDS 375
EARLY ANTHROPOID EVOLUTION 375
BIBLIOGRAPHY 376
CHAPTER THIRTEEN. Fossil Apes 384
Early and Middle Miocene Apes from Africa 384
ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF EAST AFRICAN FOSSIL APES 394
PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF EARLY MIOCENE APES 394
Eurasian Fossil Apes 397
THE EVOLUTION OF LIVING HOMINOIDS 409
BIBLIOGRAPHY 412
CHAPTER FOURTEEN. Fossil Old World Monkeys 418
Victoriapithecids: The Earliest Old World Monkeys 418
Fossil Cercopithecids 422
SUMMARY OF FOSSIL CERCOPITHECOIDS 430
BIBLIOGRAPHY 432
CHAPTER FIFTEEN. Hominids, the Bipedal Primates 436
Genus Australopithecus 437
AUSTRALOPITHECINE ADAPTATIONS AND HOMINID ORIGINS 447
PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF EARLY HOMINIDS 454
Genus Homo 456
HUMAN PHYLOGENY 462
HUMANS AS AN ADAPTIVE RADIATION 464
BIBLIOGRAPHY 465
CHAPTER SIXTEEN. Pattems in Primate Evolution 470
Primate Adaptive Radiations 470
Patterns in Primate Phylogeny 476
Primate Evolution at the Species Level 477
Primate Extinctions 480
BIBLIOGRAPHY 484
GLOSSARY 486
CLASSIFICATION OF ORDER PRIMATES 492
INDEX 496