Collaborative Enterprise Architecture (eBook)

Cover 1
Collaborative Enterprise Architecture: Enriching EA with Lean, Agile, andEnterprise 2.0 Practices 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Acknowledgments 12
Chapter 1: Why Collaborative Enterprise Architecture? 14
Content 14
Reasons for this book 14
Goals and benefits of enterprise architecture 17
Controlling IT complexity 19
Aligning business and IT 22
The gray reality: Enterprise architecture failures 24
Between success and disappointment 25
Perspective: Between bird's-eye view and nitty-gritty on the ground 27
Governance: A host of directives, but no one follows them 32
Strategy: Marathon or 100m run? 34
Transformation: Between standstill and continuous revolution 36
Enriching EA by Lean, Agile, and Enterprise 2.0 Practices 38
How this book is structured 41
Chapter 2: What Is Enterprise Architecture? 44
Content 44
The meaning of architecture 44
Applying architecture to an enterprise 47
EA applicability and use 49
Chapter 3: What Enterprise Architects Do: Core Activities of EA 52
Content 52
Defining the IT strategy (EA-1) 54
Defining the goals 55
Stipulating the rules 56
The Gartner Grid 59
Identifying the initiatives 61
The role of an enterprise architect 62
Modeling the architectures (EA-2) 62
Models and views of various architectures 62
Visualizing cross-relations and transformations 64
Modeling standards 65
Evolving the IT landscape (EA-3) 71
Application rationalization 71
Identifying applications and key performance indicators 71
Assessing applications 74
Assessing alternatives 76
Summary 78
General IT transformations 79
SOA transformations 80
Assessing and building capabilities (EA-4) 82
Competence development for enterprise architects 82
Competency tree for an enterprise architect 83
Building the competence 86
Formalizing enterprise architecture 87
Team organization 87
Team composition 88
EA team position in the organization structure 89
Developing and enforcing standards and guidelines (EA-5) 91
Standardizing on technology usage 92
Introducing new architectural paradigms 96
Enforcing standards and guidelines 96
Monitoring the project portfolio (EA-6) 99
Building the project portfolio 100
Pushing IT-focused effort into the portfolio 102
Prioritizing the projects 103
Auditing the portfolio 106
Patrolling for architecture conformance 106
Taking a collective view of portfolio performance 109
Making it a two-way dialogue 109
Leading or coaching projects (EA-7) 111
Managing risks involved in IT (EA-8) 113
Chapter 4: EA Frameworks 118
Content 118
What is an EA framework? 119
The Zachman framework for enterprise architecture 121
The open group architecture framework (TOGAF) 123
TOGAF architecture development methodology (ADM) 124
TOGAF architecture content framework 127
TOGAF architecture capability framework 128
Gartner methodology (formerly META framework) 131
The role and use of EA frameworks 134
Chapter 5: EA Maturity Models 136
Content 136
Applying maturity model to EA 137
What is a maturity model? 137
Relevance of maturity models in EA 139
A rule of thumb for the architectural maturity of an enterprise 139
OMB EA assessment framework 140
Architecture capability maturity model of the US department of commerce 143
EA maturity model by MIT center for information system research 145
Experiences with the maturity models 147
Chapter 6: Foundations of Collaborative EA 150
Content 150
Reflections on complexity 152
Beyond threshing machines 152
Structure and behavior of complex phenomena 153
Principles of managing complexity 154
Management capabilities of hierarchies and networks 159
The EA dashboard as a yardstick for EA effectiveness 165
Chapter 7: Toward Pragmatism: Lean andAgile EA 172
Content 172
The architecture factory: Applying lean and agile methods to EA 173
Lean and agile principles as facilitators for the architecture factory 175
Definition of a lean and agile EA 176
Lean and agile principles 178
Team-driven and flexible: Agile software development 178
What is the agile methodology good for? The main practices, with benefits and shortcomings 181
Silver bullet, or special tool for the innovator niche? Agile in the enterprise world 184
Agile and architecture: An antagonism? 185
Learning from mass production: Lean software development 187
Principle 1: Eliminating waste 188
Principle 2: Build quality in 190
Principle 3: Create knowledge 190
Principle 4: Defer commitment 191
Principle 5: Deliver fast 191
Principle 6: Respect people 192
Principle 7: Optimize the whole 192
Software Kanban 192
Lean and agile: Parallels and differences 193
Building Block 1: Get rid of waste by streamlining architecture processes 195
The seven wastes of EA 196
Partially done work 197
Overarchitecting 199
Redundant processes 200
Handoffs 200
Task switching 203
Delays 204
Defects 204
Value stream analysis tools for EA 206
The EA waste matrix 207
The EA value stream 209
Process activity mapping 210
The Design Structure Matrix (DSM) 214
The pipeline response matrix 214
Transition to a lean and agile EA organization 216
Summing it up: Assessment by the EA dashboard 218
Building Block 2: Involve all stakeholders by interlocking architecture scrums 218
An agile EA project 219
Scrum patterns for EA 222
A pilot project at Bank4Us 226
Summing it up: Assessment by the EA Dashboard 228
Building Block 3: Practice iterative architecture through EA Kanban 229
Agile EA requirements management 230
Levels of agile requirements 233
Iterations in EA 234
An EA Kanban board using TOGAF ADM 235
TOGAF as blueprint for EA Kanban 239
Rules for the EA Kanban board 239
Synchronization with implementation projects 243
Summing it up: Assessment by the EA Dashboard 246
Chapter 8: Inviting to Participation: EAM 2.0 248
Content 248
A primer on Enterprise 2.0 250
Building Block 4: Participation in knowledge 259
The Strategy blog 260
Collaborative data modeling: The objectPedia 262
Weak ties and a self-organizing application landscape 264
Summing it up: Assessment by the EA Dashboard 269
Building Block 5: Participation in decisions 271
The diagnostic process landscape 272
The bazaar of IT opportunities 274
Summing it up: Assessment by the EA Dashboard 277
Building Block 6: Participation in transformation 278
Mashing up the architecture continuum 278
The change management microblog 283
Summing it up: Assessment by the EA Dashboard 290
The bottom line: Inviting to explore 291
Chapter 9: The Next Steps: Taking CollaborativeEA Forward 292
Content 292
A summary 292
Getting started with collaborative EA 296
Interpreting the organizational attitude toward change 296
The elephant and rider metaphor 298
Motivate the elephant 299
Convincing people of a need for change in EA 300
Lower the bar: Create an entry level 300
Direct the rider 301
Find the bright spots 302
Set a collaborative EA vision 302
Specify concrete directives 303
Shape the path 303
Build alliances 305
Build habits 306
Looking ahead 306
Appendix: The Bank4Us staff 308
References 310
Index 316