Human Factors in Aviation (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Human Factors in Aviation 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Foreword 12
Contributors 14
PART I: INTRODUCTION 16
Chapter 1. Human Factors in Aviation: An Overview 18
Progress Since the First Edition 20
A Look Ahead… 24
Human Factors in Aviation: This Edition 26
A Final Comment 32
PART II: ORGANIZATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 36
Chapter 2. The System Perspective on Human Factors in Aviation 38
Introduction 38
Aircraft Systems of Relevance and the Human Component 44
Systems Engineering Methods and Application to Aviation Human Factors 56
Summary, the Future, and Some Key Issues 74
Chapter 3. The System Safety Perspective 80
Introduction and Some Definitions 80
Defining a System Boundary 81
Evaluating For Safety 94
Supporting the Human Contribution to Safety 103
Design Via a "System Safety Perspective" 106
Chapter 4. The Safety Culture Perspective 110
Introduction 110
Definition of Safety Culture 112
Assessment of Safety Culture 119
Safety Culture Transformation 127
Conclusion: Synthesis of Safety Culture Methods and Outcomes 131
Chapter 5. The High Reliability Organization Perspective 138
Introduction 138
HRO: Some Origins 139
PART III: PILOT AND CREW PERFORMANCE ISSUES 160
Chapter 6. The Human in Flight: From Kinesthetic Sense to Cognitive Sensibility 162
Introduction 162
The Evolution of The Aircraft Cockpit and of the Pilot's Task 163
Correspondence and the Naturalistic World 167
Coherence and the Electronic World 172
Managing the Hybrid Ecology 177
Challenges for NextGen Aircraft 179
Summary and Implications for Design 183
Conclusions 185
Chapter 7. Information Processing in Aviation 190
Introduction 190
Information Processing in Early Aviation 193
Higher-Level Processing in Aviation Systems 197
Resources for Meeting the Information Processing Challenges in Aviation 209
Emergent Processes—Mental Workload and Situation Awareness 217
Future Directions 221
Chapter 8. Managing Workload, Performance, and Situation Awareness in Aviation Systems 232
A Management Framework 234
Practical Issues: Combining WL, SA, and Performance 252
Chapter 9. Team Dynamics at 35,000 Feet 264
Introduction 264
Why does Aviation Crew Performance Matter? 266
Advances in Team Performance Research 268
Advances in Aviation Crew Performance 273
What Factors Impact Crew Performance? 278
How can Aviation Crew Performance be Improved? 288
Where do we go from here? 292
Concluding Remarks 300
Acknowledgment 300
Chapter 10. Flight Training and Simulation as Safety Generators 308
Growth 308
Industry Safety 310
Safety Generators in Crew Training 322
Training Enhancement Strategies 329
Summary 347
Chapter 11. Understanding and Analyzing Human Error in Real-World Operations 350
A Philosophical Perspective on Errors and Accidents 353
Sources of Error Data 360
Examples of Error Studies 374
Concluding Thoughts 385
Acknowledgments 387
Chapter 12. Cognitive Architectures for Human Factors in Aviation 390
Introduction, Motivation, and Organization 390
What are Cognitive Architectures? 391
Relevant Recent Publications 395
Improving Human Performance and Learning Models for Warfighter Readiness 403
Considerations, Challenges, and Recommendations for the Future of Cognitive Architecture Research 406
Summary and Conclusion 410
Acknowledgments 411
Chapter 13. Aircrew Fatigue, Sleep Need and Circadian Rhythmicity 416
Introduction 416
Biological Regulation of Sleep, Alertness, and Performance 417
Work Factors in Relation to Biological Control of Fatigue 422
Fatigue Challenges in Operational Environments 428
Innovative Approaches to Operational Management of Fatigue 434
Conclusions 444
Acknowledgment 446
PART IV: HUMAN FACTORS IN AIRCRAFT DESIGN 452
Chapter 14. Aviation Displays 454
Introduction 454
From Visual to Cognitive 455
Human Factors Implications for Cockpit Displays 458
Cockpit Integration 460
Source Integration 462
Type Integration 465
Function Integration 470
Environmental Integration 475
Integration Summary and Blackouts 482
Displays in the Next Generation 484
Concluding Remarks 487
Acknowledgments 488
Chapter 15. Cockpit Automation: Still Struggling to Catch Up… 494
Introduction 494
Automation Levels, Properties, and Capabilities 495
Breakdowns in Pilot-Automation Interaction: Research Methods and Findings, Operational Problems, and Proposed Solutions 498
Looking Ahead: Opportunities and Challenges Associated with the Move Toward the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NEXTGEN) 510
Summary and Conclusions 512
Acknowledgment 513
Chapter 16. Unmanned Aircraft Systems 520
The Accident Record 524
Teleoperation and Unmanned Aircraft 527
Design of the Ground Control Station 533
Transfer of Control 535
Airspace Access 536
Human Factors in Airworthiness 539
Conclusion 542
Chapter 17. Crew Station Design and Integration 548
Introduction 548
Evolution of Crew Station Design 549
What Impacts Today's Crew Station Design and Integration? 559
Tools and Methods for Design and Integration 568
Conclusions 574
PART V: VEHICLES AND SYSTEMS 576
Chapter 18. The History in the Basics and the Challenges for the Future 578
Introduction 579
Evolution of Evidence-based Safe Practices in the Flightdeck 583
Evolution of Flightcrew Systems-based Training and Assessment 589
Evolution in the Flightdeck Design and Operation 593
Evolution of the Airline Environment 596
Evolution and Change in the Environment We Fly In 599
Evolution Into the Future of Air Travel 603
Summary 606
Chapter 19. General Aviation 610
Personal Flying 612
Flight Training 627
Business Flying 635
Afterword 637
Acknowledgments 638
Chapter 20. Air Traffic Management 644
Introduction 644
Elements of the Air Navigation System 645
Human Factors and Operational Issues 654
Human Factors Methods and Techniques 661
Summary 669
Chapter 21. Maintenance Human Factors: A Brief History 674
Introduction 674
Part 1: Building the Foundation of Maintenance Human Factors, 1988–1999 676
Part 2: Developing Methods and Tools to Meet New Challenges (2000–2008) 693
Challenges for the Future 706
PART VI: NEXTGEN COMMENTARY 714
Chapter 22. Commentary on NEXTGEN and Aviation Human Factors 716
Human Factors and NextGen Flightdecks 719
NextGen Human Factors and ATC 723
Final Thoughts 724
Disclaimer 724
Index 726
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