Photovoltaic Industrial Systems (eBook)

Photovoltaic IndustrialSystems 2
Preface 5
Contents 7
1 Introduction 11
1.1…Photovoltaic System, a Short Preview 12
1.2…The Energy Crisis and the Electricity Demand 13
1.3…Questions 15
2 Energy Management 16
2.1…Basic Principles of Energy Management 16
2.2…Principles, Terms and Operation of Energy Management in Industry 17
2.3…Energy Saving Management Strategy 17
2.3.1 Identify a Strategic Corporate Approach 19
2.3.2 Commitment of the Personnel and Appoint Energy Manager 19
2.3.3 Set up an Energy Monitoring and Reporting System 20
2.3.4 Conduct Energy Audit 21
2.3.5 Formalize an Energy Management Policy Statement 22
2.3.6 Prepare and Undertake a Detailed Project Implementation Plan 23
2.3.7 Implement a Staff Awareness and Training Program 23
2.3.8 Financing of the Investment Cost 23
2.3.9 Annual Review 24
2.3.10 Communicative Policy 24
2.3.10.1 Internal Communication 24
2.3.10.2 External Communication 25
2.4…Questions 26
3 Environmental Management 27
3.1…Develop an Environmental Strategy 27
3.2…Environmental and Energy Management 27
3.3…Environmental Management Systems 29
3.4…Mechanical Equipment Selection 29
3.5…Eco-Label Award 30
3.6…Energy Management Policy for Industrial Application 31
3.7…Planning the Policy for the Industry 32
3.7.1 Action Planning 32
3.7.2 Management Team Commitment 33
3.7.3 Clear Responsibility and Accountability 33
3.7.4 Specific, Realistic Goals 33
3.7.4.1 Setting Energy Savings Targets 33
3.7.5 Energy Program 34
3.7.5.1 Assess Energy Use 34
3.7.5.2 Invest in Energy Saving 34
3.7.5.3 Control Energy Use 34
3.7.6 The Right Place for the Energy Manager 34
3.7.7 Choosing an External Partner 35
3.7.7.1 Energy Policy 36
3.7.8 Objectives 36
3.8…Questions 37
4 Photovoltaic Energy 38
4.1…Photovoltaic Technology and Systems Information 39
4.2…The PV Cell 41
4.3…The PV Panel 42
4.3.1 Electrical Characteristic 43
4.3.1.1 Shape factor 44
4.3.1.2 Efficiency 44
4.3.1.3 Nominal Operating Cell Temperature 45
4.3.1.4 PV Panels Association 45
4.3.1.5 Stand-Alone Systems 45
4.3.1.6 Grid-Connected Systems 47
4.4…Power Fitting-Out: The PV Inverter 48
4.5…Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) 49
4.6…Applications of Photovoltaic Cells 52
4.6.1 PV for Households 52
4.6.2 Application of PV in Urban and Rural Areas 54
4.6.3 Application of PV in Rural Areas 55
4.7…The Current Energy Payback Time of a PV Panel 56
4.7.1 The Energy Payback Time of a PV Panel in 2010 57
4.8…Solar Energy Costs/Prices 59
4.9…Questions 62
5 Installed PV System at Industrial Buildings 63
5.1…European Policy for RES 63
5.2…Installing PV System 66
5.3…Basic Steps for Installation 70
5.3.1 Sizing the Organization Photovoltaic System 70
5.3.2 Choosing the Solar PV Installer 71
5.4…Reaping the Benefits 71
5.5…Estimating Electrical Energy Savings 72
5.5.1 Costs and Competitiveness 72
5.5.2 Competitiveness of Off-Grid Applications 72
5.5.3 Competitiveness of Grid-Connected Applications 73
5.6…External Costs of Conventional Electricity Generation 75
5.7…Factors Affecting PV Cost Reductions 76
5.7.1 Feed-in Tariff 77
5.7.2 Feed-in Tariff: The Driver of Cost Reduction 78
5.7.3 Feed-in Tariff: The Driver of High-Quality Solar Electricity Systems 78
5.7.4 Feed-in Tariff: The Driver of Easier Financing 78
5.8…Questions 79
6 Installation Guide 80
6.1…Structure of the Connected Building Photovoltaic Systems 80
6.1.1 Classification of the Building Interconnected PV Systems 81
6.2…Building Connected PV Systems Under an Independent Producer 82
6.2.1 Configuration of the Connection Depending on the Maximum Power of the PV System 82
6.2.2 Choosing the Right Location for Installing a PV System 82
6.2.2.1 Orientation of the PV Panels 82
6.2.3 Shading Problems 83
6.3…Static Study Materials & Support Material
6.4…Selecting the Placement Area of the Electronic Converters 85
6.5…Designing the PV System 86
6.5.1 Basic Principles to Follow When Designing a Quality PV System for Industrial Use 86
6.5.1.1 Typical Electrical Values of a PV System 87
6.5.2 Grid-Interactive Only (No Battery Backup) 87
6.5.2.1 Cooperation Between the PV System and the Inverter 88
6.5.2.2 System Installation 90
General 90
Error Investigation 91
Protection 92
6.5.2.3 Grounding of the inverter 93
Wiring DC Current Side 95
AC Current Side 97
6.5.2.4 Shade Structure 98
6.5.2.5 Building-Integrated PV Array (BIPV) 98
6.5.2.6 Estimating System Output 99
6.5.2.7 Factors Affecting Output 99
Building Protection of PV Modules Against High Voltage and Lightning Strikes 100
6.6…Connection of the Network 101
6.6.1 Connecting the Building PV Systems to a Low Voltage Electrical Network 101
6.6.2 Configuration of the Connection of Building PV Systems: Electrical Network 101
6.6.2.1 Harmonic Distortion and Acceptable Limits of Harmonic Constituents’ Infusion 103
6.6.2.2 Detection of Situations of Isolated Operation: ‘‘Island Phenomenon’’ 104
6.6.3 General Safety Instructions 106
6.6.4 Measures for the Risk Reduction of an Electric Shock During the Installation of a PV System 106
6.6.4.1 Minimum Necessary Equipment Requirements 107
6.6.4.2 Materials Recommendations 108
6.6.4.3 Equipment Recommendations and Installation Methods 108
6.6.4.4 Maintenance 108
6.7…PV Electric System Installation Checklist 109
6.7.1 Before Starting Any PV System Testing: (Hard Hat and Eye Protection Recommended) 109
6.7.2 PV Array: General (Hard Hat, Gloves, and Eye Protection Recommended) 109
6.7.3 PV Array Circuit Wiring (Hard Hat and Eye Protection Recommended) 110
6.7.4 Repetitive Source Circuit String Wiring (Hard Hat, Gloves, and Eye Protection Recommended) 110
6.7.5 Continuation of PV Array Circuit Wiring (Hard Hat, Gloves, and Eye Protection Recommended) 110
6.7.6 Inverter Startup Tests (Hard Hat, Gloves, and Eye Protection Recommended) 111
6.7.7 System Acceptance Test (Hard Hat and Eye Protection Recommended) 112
6.8…Questions 113
7 Installation of a 20 kW Grid-Connected PV System 115
7.1…Greek Policy 115
7.1.1 Conditions of Space of Installation 116
7.1.2 Cost of the PV Station 116
7.1.3 Maintenance of a Photovoltaic Station: Cost 116
7.1.4 Industry’s Targets 116
7.1.4.1 Output 116
7.1.4.2 Form of Company 117
7.1.4.3 Getting the Most Out of Photovoltaic Power 117
7.2…The Solar Radiation 117
7.3…System Description 119
7.3.1 Electrical Diagram of the Grid-Connected PV System 122
7.3.2 Solar Array 122
7.4…Grid-Connected Inverter 124
7.4.1 Inverter Sizing 124
7.5…Inverters Efficiency 125
7.5.1 First Approach 126
7.5.2 Measurements 126
7.6…Conclusions 128
7.7…Questions 129
Appendices 130
Energy Savings 130
Roof Types 137
Glossary 142
Bibliography 161