Prevention of the Biological Contamination of Food

Thierry Bénézech is research director at INRAE. His research areas include hygienic engineering, hygienic design of food equipment, cleaning operation improvement and strategies to mitigate related environmental impacts. Christine Faille is research director at INRAE and is the leader of a research team specialized in phenomena occurring at interfaces between bacteria (spores and biofilms) and materials in the food sector.

Preface xiii
Thierry BÉNÉZECH and Christine FAILLE

Introduction xv
Thierry BÉNÉZECH and Christine FAILLE

Chapter 1. Cross-contamination of Food by Contaminated Surfaces 1
Graziella MIDELET, Thomas BRAUGE and Christine FAILLE

1.1. Surface contamination 3

1.2. Examples of cross-contamination related CFI (collective foodborne illnesses) 5

1.3. Research of parameters affecting cross-contamination 8

1.4. Conclusion 10

1.5. References 10

Chapter 2. Implementation of HACCP -- Surface Hygiene 17
Nadia OULAHAL, Sylvie PERRET and Denis BORNUA

2.1. Introduction 17

2.2. The HACCP approach: a system based on seven main principles 21

2.3. Implementation of the HACCP approach/12 steps 26

2.4. A case study: application to a company that packages powders of several levels of sensitivity 32

2.5. Conclusion 35

2.6. References 36

Chapter 3. Commercial Methods for the Detection of Surface Bacterial Contamination in the Food Industry 37
Thomas BRAUGE, Christine FAILLE and Graziella MIDELET

3.1. Introduction 37

3.2. Microbial flora in the food industry 38

3.3. European regulations, standards and guides on surface analysis 40

3.4. Surface sampling tools 41

3.5. Analysis methods of surface samples 48

3.6. Conclusion 57

3.7. References 57

Chapter 4. Metals and Alloys in Food Environments 59
Audrey ALLION-MAURER

4.1. Introduction 59

4.2. Metals and alloys 59

4.3. Suitability for food contact 70

4.4. Durability of materials 71

4.5. Conclusion 72

4.6. References 72

Chapter 5. Role of Surfaces and Microbial Phenomenon 75
Anthony J. SLATE, Joels S. T. WILSON-NIEUWENHUIS, Joshua H. SPALL and Kathryn A. WHITEHEAD

5.1. The complex interplay of surface properties and their modifications to prevent bacterial binding 75

5.2. Introduction 75

5.3. Surface physicochemistry 77

5.4. Surface chemistry 82

5.5. Surface topography 90

5.6. Conclusion 99

5.7. References 99

Chapter 6. Hygienic Design -- Factory 115
John HOLAH

6.1. Introduction 115

6.2. Barrier 1: site 118

6.3. Barrier 2: factory building 119

6.4. Barrier 3: basic to medium hygiene transfer and internal segregation. 122

6.5. Barrier 4: high hygiene areas 126

6.6. Barrier 5: product enclosure 140

6.7. References 141

Chapter 7. Hygienic Design of Processing Lines 143
Franck MOERMAN and John HOLAH

7.1. Introduction 143

7.2. Legislation, standards and guidelines covering hygienic design 144

7.3. Materials of construction 146

7.4. Surface finish: hygienic design requirements 149

7.5. Hygienic joining of materials of construction 150

7.6. Assembly and disassembly of equipment 156

7.7. No accumulation and ingress of liquids, food residues and bacteria 157

7.8. Correct mounting of sensors 160

7.9. Application of hoses 160

7.10. Drainability of surfaces and equipment components 161

7.11. Sufficient access for inspection, cleaning and disinfection 164

7.12. Framework 165

7.13. Feet 165

7.14. Hygienic design of belt conveyors 168

7.15. Hygienic design of open vessels (containers, bins, kettles) 170

7.16. Hygienic design of closed vessels 172

7.17. Good insulation practices 179

7.18. Hygienic design of valves 179

7.19. Motors 180

7.20. Hygienic design and installation of enclosures and control panels 182

7.21. Covers and guards 184

7.22. Installation of the food processing equipment in the food factory 189

7.23. Platforms, walkways, stairs and ladders 191

7.24. Conclusion 193

7.25. References 194

Chapter 8. Hygienic Design -- Consequences on Surface Contamination and Cleaning 197
Thierry BÉNÉZECH and Christine FAILLE

8.1. Introduction 197

8.2. Surface contamination 197

8.3. Surface cleaning 202

8.4. Acknowledgments 204

8.5. References 205

Chapter 9. Cleaning Operations -- State of the Art 209
Hein TIMMERMAN

9.1. Introduction 209

9.2. Soils 210

9.3. Cleaning and disinfecting best practices 210

9.4. Common cleaning and disinfection issues 213

9.5. Trends in cleaning and disinfection 215

9.6. Conclusion 217

Chapter 10. Novel Cleaning Methods 219
Heni DALLAGI, Piyush KUMAR JHA, Christine FAILLE and Thierry BÉNÉZECH

10.1. Introduction 219

10.2. Mechanical action 220

10.3. Chemical and biological cleaning methods 228

10.4. Conclusion 232

10.5. Acknowledgments 232

10.6. References 233

Chapter 11. Surface Disinfection -- State of the Art 239
Susana FERNANDES, Isabel OLIVEIRA, Inês B. GOMES and Manuel SIMÕES

11.1. Introduction 239

11.2. Biocides for industrial application 240

11.3. Biofilm as a resistant or unsusceptible form to biocides 253

11.4. Conclusion 256

11.5. Acknowledgments 256

11.6. References 257

Chapter 12. Surface Disinfection -- New Approaches 269
Isabel OLIVEIRA, Susana FERNANDES, Manuel SIMÕES and Inês B. GOMES

12.1. Introduction 269

12.2. New disinfectants. 271

12.3. Improved methods for disinfection 278

12.4. Self-disinfecting surfaces 281

12.5. Acknowledgments 287

12.6. References 287

Chapter 13. Food Safety in Supply Chains 301
Marc MAUERMANN, Andre BOYE, Max HESSE, Enrico FUCHS, Roman MURCEK, Vincent EISENRAUCH, Tilman KLAEGER and Jialiang YIN

13.1. Food transport container 302

13.2. Technological approaches and innovation supporting food safety 313

13.3. References 328

Chapter 14. Food Safety Risk Prevention at the Consumer Level 333
Gyula KASZA and Tekla IZSÓ

14.1. Role of consumers in risk prevention -- the last step in the food chain 333

14.2. Insights into knowledge, awareness, attitudes in relation to consumers' behavior 337

14.3. Preventive risk communication in practice 342

14.4. Future solutions for reducing risks at the consumer level 352

14.5. References 353

List of Authors 361

Index 365