Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress

Ganesh C. Nikalje, PhD, an assistant professor of botany at Seva Sadan's R. K. Talreja College of Arts, Science, and Commerce, University of Mumbai. During his doctoral work, he unraveled the salt tolerance mechanism of the facultative halophyte, Sesuvium portulacastrum, at both the molecular and metabolomic levels. In addition, he revealed additive and combined salt tolerance mechanisms in contrasting soybean genotypes. He has two independent research projects funded by the University of Mumbai and to date has 19 research papers, four books, 18 book chapters, and a research paper in a journal to his credit. Mohd. Shahnawaz, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Botany, University of Ladakh, Kargil Campus, India. He has several years of teaching and postdoctoral research experience, working in diverse fields of life sciences including tissue culture of medicinal plants, genetic diversity assessment of medicinal plants using high-resolution molecular marks, enhancement of plants' secondary metabolites contents, and biodegradation of plastic. He has published more than 20 research articles, nine book chapters, and 12 books of international repute. Jyoti Parihar, PhD, is an associate professor and Head of the Department of Pedagogy in Biosciences, Government Post Graduate College of Education, Jammu, India. She has more than 24 years of teaching experience at the undergraduate level and has presented her work at various national and international conferences. She has published more than ten research papers in journals of repute and has three book chapters and two edited books to her credit. Her main areas of expertise include plant reproductive biology and the medicinal plant, Artemisia maritime L. Hilal Ahmad Qazi, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Botany, Government Degree College Pampore, Pulwama Jammu and Kashmir, India. He has more than 5 years of teaching experience at the undergraduate level and three years of postdoctoral teaching. He has worked on the effect of cold stress on proteome and metabolome of Digitalis purpurea in an independent project funded by the Indian Department of Science and Technology. He has presented his work at various national and international conferences and has published more than 20 research articles in peer-reviewed journals of repute, as well as several book chapters in books of international repute. Vishal N. Patil, PhD, is an assistant professor of botany at Vidyabharti College Rashtrasanth Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India, as well as a post-graduate teacher and recognized PhD supervisor at the School of Science & Technology at Nagpur University. To date, he has published 25 research papers in various international journals, as well as five books and three book chapters by national and international publishers. He has been invited as a resource for different conferences and symposia, guest lecturer at different institutes, and has organized various national conferences. Daochen Zhu, PhD, is a professor at the Biofuel Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China. He is an editor and editorial board member of various peer-reviewed journals of international repute. His research group focuses on microorganism resource and diversity, enzyme-mediated valorization of lignin into commodity products, and biodegradation of organic pollutants. He is also interested in the plant secondary metabolites and mitigation of microplastic using bioremediation technology. He has over 50 peer-reviewed publications, 12 patents, four book chapters, and three edited books to his credit.

Foreword xxi

Preface xxiii

Acknowledgment xxv

About the Book xxvii

1 Biochemical Responses of Plants to Individual and Combined Abiotic Stresses 1
Kanchan Sharma, Kritika Jalota, Chiti Agarwal, Puja Pal and Suruchi Jindal

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Biochemical Responses to Individual Abiotic Stresses 3

1.3 Biochemical Responses to Combined Abiotic Stresses 16

1.4 Conclusion 26

References 27

2 Unraveling the Dynamics of Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under Drought Conditions 35
Gaurav Kumar

2.1 Introduction 36

2.2 Oxidative Stress in Plants Under Drought Condition 36

2.3 Antioxidant Defense System of Plants 43

2.4 Enzymatic Antioxidants and Their Response Against High ROS Under Drought Stress 43

2.5 ROS-Scavenging Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Their Response Under Drought Stress 55

2.6 Interplay of ROS With Reactive Carbonyl, Nitrogen, and Sulfur in Plant Cells: A Crosstalk Saga 62

2.7 Conclusion 64

References 65

3 Plant Metabolism and Abiotic Stress in Crops 81
Tuba Taziun, Bilal Ahmad Mir, Ritu Kumari, Nahid Akhtar and Atif Khurshid Wani

3.1 Introduction 82

3.2 Concepts and Types of Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 83

3.3 Plant Metabolism 89

3.4 Conclusion 95

References 96

4 Targeting Compatible Solutes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 105
Heena Shoket

4.1 Introduction 106

4.2 Stress Caused by Abiotic Factors 107

4.3 Present Compatible Solutes for Stress Tolerance in Plants 110

4.4 Genetic Engineering Perspective for Compatible Solutes Mediated Abiotic Stress Resistance in Plants 113

4.5 Importance of Ethylene in the Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress 117

4.6 Importance of Salicylic Acid in Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress 119

4.7 Importance of Cytokinin in the Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress 121

4.8 Importance of Abscisic Acid in the Controlling of Osmolytes in an Abiotic Environment 122

4.9 Conclusion 124

Author Contributions 124

Conflict of Interest 124

References 125

5 Oxalate Crystals and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 131
Puja Gupta, Ahtisham, Deepak Nandi, Sonu Ram Rohit Chhabra and Yudhishther Singh Bagal

5.1 Introduction 132

5.2 Formation of Crystals of Calcium Oxalate 135

5.3 Forms of Oxalate Crystals in Plants 137

5.4 Role of Oxalate Crystals to Cope with Abiotic Stresses 139

5.5 Conclusion 143

Acknowledgments 143

Competing Interests 143

References 143

6 Role of Signaling Molecules in Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 149
Reena S. Meshram

6.1 Introduction 150

6.2 Signaling Molecules 150

6.3 ROS Signaling 151

6.4 ABA in Stress Tolerance 152

6.5 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) 155

6.6 Cross-Talk Between Plants MAPK During Abiotic Stress Signal Transduction 155

6.7 CRISPR-Cas9 in Stress Tolerance 159

6.8 Conclusion 161

References 161

7 Impact of Abiotic Stress Signals on Secondary Metabolites in Plants 173
Darshana Patil and Avinash Patil

7.1 Introduction 174

7.2 Abiotic Stresses in Plants 175

7.3 Conclusion 184

7.4 Future Prospective 184

References 184

8 Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress 195
Mahesh V. Kawale, Rupali P. Shirsat, Pratiksha Salunke and Dipak K. Koche

8.1 Introduction 196

8.2 Role of ROS in Plant Growth and Development 197

8.3 Involvement of ROS in Plants’ Stress Response 199

8.4 ROS Regulation in Plants 200

8.5 Genes and Proteins Involved in ROS Regulation in Plants 201

8.6 Conclusion 202

References 206

9 Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Species Under Abiotic Stress in Plants 213
Bilal Ahmad Mir, Tuba Taziun, Mushtaq Rasool Mir, Tahir ul Gani Mir, Ritu Kumari, Atif Khurshid Wani and Nahid Akhtar

9.1 Introduction 214

9.2 Abiotic Stress in Plants: Molecular Perspective 215

9.3 Role of Oxygen in Abiotic Stress 220

9.4 Role of Sulfur in Abiotic Stress 223

9.5 Role of Nitrogen in Abiotic Stress 224

9.6 Cross-Talk Between Oxygen, Sulfur, and Nitrogen During Abiotic Stress 229

9.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective 230

References 232

10 Regulation of Plant Hormones Under Abiotic Stress Conditions in Plants 243
Prashant Kumar, Sumel Ashique, Nitish Kumar, Anjali Jain, Himanshu Sharma, Surya Nath Pandey and Anita Singh

10.1 Introduction 244

10.2 ABA’s Function in Plant Defense Mechanisms 246

10.3 Hormonal Cross-Talk in Plant Defense 249

10.4 Plant Morphology and Anatomy 257

10.5 Photosynthesis 257

10.6 Hormonal Balance 258

10.7 Plants Under Abiotic Stress Benefit from Phytohormones Mediated by PGPR 259

10.8 Changes in Phytohormone Activity Caused by PGPR Under Drought 262

10.9 Future Prospects 265

10.10 Conclusion 265

Acknowledgments 266

References 266

11 Altering Secondary Metabolite Profiles in Barley for Crop Enhancement: Role of Novel ACT Domain Proteins 277
Hamida Banoo, Nelofer Husain and Shashi Kant Singh

11.1 Introduction 278

11.2 Methods 282

11.3 Results 284

11.4 Discussion 292

11.5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 294

References 294

12 Metabolites and Their Regulation During Salinity Stress in Plants 299
Marykutty Sebastian, Kavya Bakka and Dinakar Challabathula

12.1 Introduction 300

12.2 Salt Stress Affects Plant Growth 301

12.3 Chloride Ion Toxicity 302

12.4 Na + Toxicity 304

12.5 Salinity Stress–Induced Oxidative Stress 306

12.6 Plant Responses Through Signaling and Metabolite Production 307

12.7 Metabolites and Their Regulation 309

12.8 Sugars and Sugar Alcohols 310

12.9 Secondary Metabolites 326

12.10 Nitrogen-Containing Metabolites 327

12.11 Other Metabolites 329

12.12 Metabolic Responses of Halophytes and Glycophytes During Salinity 330

12.13 How Plants Adapt to Salt Stress? A Comparative Approach 332

12.14 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 333

Acknowledgments 334

References 334

13 Phenolic Compounds in Plants 349
Ab Waheed Wani, Harjinder Kaur, Pallvi Verma, Sanjeev Kumar, Kondle Ravi, Anis Ahmad Mirza, Adil Rahim, Irfan Gani, Zarina and Saurabha Bhimrao Zimare

13.1 Introduction 350

13.2 Phenolic Acids 351

13.3 Flavonoids 355

13.4 Stilbenoids 366

13.5 Lignans 368

13.6 Conclusions and Further Research 371

References 372

14 Modulation of Metabolic Pathways Under Abiotic Stress in Plants 389
Piyush Vatsha, Md Reyaz Alam, Ladli Kishore, Padma Charan Behera and Abhay Kumar Mishra

14.1 Introduction 390

14.2 Agriculture’s Vulnerability to Abiotic Stressors 391

14.3 Adaptations of Plants Under Abiotic Stress 391

14.4 Chemical Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic Stress 393

14.5 Gene Modification in the Acetic Acid Pathway 404

14.6 Tolerability to Abiotic Stress Caused by Salicylic Acid 406

14.7 Modifying the Metabolism of Thiamine 407

14.8 Abiotic Oxidative Stress Tolerance is Modulated by Hydrogen Peroxide Priming: Implications From ROS Scavenging and Detoxification 408

14.9 Stress and Innate Immunity in the Synthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Plants 411

14.10 Conclusion 417

References 418

15 Specific Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants and Their Role in Stress Adaptation 425
Oksana Sytar and Shokoofeh Hajihashemi

Abbreviations 426

15.1 Introduction 426

15.2 Use of Selected Plants as Potential Immunostimulants 427

15.3 Plants and Plant-Derived Compounds With Immunomodulatory Potential 429

15.4 Plant Secondary Metabolite: Description and Their Health Effects 447

15.5 Plant Secondary Metabolites: Adaptative Potential 451

15.6 Conclusion 452

References 453

16 Effect of Abiotic Stress on Terpene Biosynthesis in Plants 481
Dwaipayan Sinha, Rameesha Abid, Wrick Chakraborty, Maliha Rashid, Laxmi Kumari Gupta, Bushra Khan, Paramita Nandy Datta, Sabahat Noor, Pomila, Shakira Ghazanfar, Upala Saha, Ratul Bhattacharya and Sanchita Seal

16.1 Introduction 482

16.2 Terpenes: An Introduction and Classification 485

16.3 Biosynthesis of Terpenes 496

16.4 Functions and Mechanisms of Terpenes During Abiotic Stress 504

16.5 Conclusion 509

References 510

17 Exogenous Application of Plant Metabolites to Enhance Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 525
Tahoora Batool Zargar, Oqba Basal and Szilvia Veres

17.1 Introduction 526

17.2 Plant’s Responses to Abiotic Stress 527

17.3 Exogenous Application of Plant Metabolites 532

17.4 Glutathione (GSH) 532

17.5 Melatonin (MEL) 533

17.6 Ascorbic Acid (AsA) 539

17.7 Nitric Oxide (NO) 540

17.8 Auxin 541

17.9 24-Eppibrassinolide (EBL) 542

17.10 Proline 543

17.11 Market Development and Cost Analysis of Plant Metabolites 545

17.12 Future Prospects 546

17.13 Conclusion 547

Acknowledgments 548

References 548

18 Genetic Engineering of Secondary Metabolic Pathways in Crops for Improving Abiotic Stress 559
Suryakant Ranjan, Sana Bhat, Atif Khurshid Wani and Nahid Akhtar

18.1 Introduction 560

18.2 Role of Secondary Metabolites in Plants 561

18.3 Abiotic Stress and Secondary Metabolites 561

18.4 Genetic Engineering for Secondary Metabolite Production 567

18.5 Genome Editing Techniques for Generating Abiotic Stress–Tolerant Crops by Targeting SM Biosynthesis 576

18.6 Conclusion 578

References 579

19 Nanoelicitors Mediated Abiotic Stresses in Plant Defense Response Mechanisms: Current Review and Future Perspectives 591
Somkuwar Subhash R., Jayant H. Meshram, D. P. Gogle, R. G. Chaudhary, R. H. Mahakhode, Vishal N. Patil, Rahul B. Kamble, R. C. Sawant, J. V. Gadpayale and Rupali R. Chaudhary

19.1 Introduction 592

19.2 Major Classes of Secondary Metabolites 594

19.3 Nanomaterial as Elicitor 595

19.4 The Use of NPs to Protect Plants From Abiotic Stress 596

19.5 Nanoparticle Uptake, Translocation, and Internalization Pathways in Plants 598

19.6 How Nanoelicitors Respond to Abiotic Stressors? 599

19.7 The Way That NPs Signal Under Abiotic Stress Circumstances 602

19.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 604

References 610

20 Light Signaling and Plant Secondary Metabolites 623
Ganesh M. Nawkar, Tushar Khare, Vinay Kumar and Rahul Mahadev Shelake

20.1 Introduction 624

20.2 Photoregulation of PSMs 625

20.3 Role of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Regulating High Light Stress 629

20.4 Enhancing the PSM Production by Modulating the Light Environment 630

20.5 Conclusion 633

Acknowledgments 634

References 634

About the Editors 645

Index 651