LED Lighting for Urban Agriculture

Toyoki Kozai, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, President of Japan Plant Factory Association (NPO), 6-2-1 Kashiwano-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277- 0882, Japan Kazuhiro Fujiwara, Ph.D., Professor, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Erik S. Runkle, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, A240-C Plant & Soil Sciences Building, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824-1325, USA

Part 1 Perspective and significance of LED lighting for urban agriculture.- 1. Why LED lighting for Urban Agriculture? (T. Kozai).- 2. Integrated Urban Controlled Environment Agricultural Systems （IUCEAS） (KC Ting, T. Ling and Paul C. Davidson, University of Illinois).- 3. Open-Source Agriculture Initiative - Food for the future? – (Caleb Harper, MIT).-Part 2 Plant growth and development as affected by light.- 4. Some aspects of the light environment (T. Kozai and G. Zhang).- 5. Light acts as a signal for regulation of growth and development (Y. Higuchi and T. Hisamatsu).- 6. Factors affecting flowering seasonality (Y. Higuchi and T. Hisamatsu).- 7. Light environment in plant factory with LED lighting (T. Akiyama and T. Kozai).- Part 3 Optical and physiological characteristics of a plant leaf and a canopy (Editor: K. Fujiwara).- 8. Optical and physiological properties of a leaf (K. Murakami and R. Matsuda).- 9. Optical and physiological properties of a plant canopy (Y. Ibaraki).- 10. Evaluation of spatial light environment and plant canopy structure (Y. Ibaraki).- 11. Lighting efficiency in plant production under artificial lighting and plant growth modeling for evaluating the lighting efficiency (Y. Ibaraki).- 12. Effects of physical environment on photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration (R. Matsuda).- 13. Air current around single leaves and plant canopies and its effect on transpiration, photosynthesis, and plant organ temperatures (Y. Kitaya).- Appendix: Equations used in Part 3.- Part 4 Greenhouse crop production with supplemental LED lighting (Editor: E. Runkle).- 14. Control of Flowering Using Night-interruption and Day-extension LED Lighting (Q. Meng and E. Runkle.- 15. Control of morphology, quality and economic value by manipulating light quality (blue, red, and far-red light) and daily light integral (DLI) using LEDs  (R. Lopez and J. Craver)).- 16. Supplemental intra-canopy lighting with LEDs for fruit vegetables (N. Lu, C. Mitchell, E.Heuvelink,and T. Dueck).- Part 5 Light quality effects on plant physiology and morphology (Editor: T. Kozai).- 17. Effect of Light Quality on Secondary Metabolite Production in Leafy Greens and Seedlings  (H. Shimizu).- 18. Induction of plant disease resistance and other physiological responses by green light illumination (R. Kudou and K.Yamamoto).- 19. Light quality effects on intumescence (oedema) on leaves (K. Williams, C.T. Miller and J.K. Craver).- Part 6 Current status of commercial plant factories with LED lighting (T. Kozai).- 20.Business models for plant factories using artificial light (PFALs) in Taiwan (Wei Fang, National Taiwan University).- 21. Current status in Asia, Europe and other regions (E. Hayashi).- 22. Current status in Americas, (C Higgins).- 23.　Economic analysis and market creation for PFALs (E.Hayashi).- 24. Consumer perception and understanding of vegetables produced at plant factories with artificial lighting (Y. Yano, T. Nakamura and A. Maruyama).- Part 7 Basics of LEDs and LED lighting systems for plant cultivation (Editor: K.Fujiwara).- 25. Radiometric, photometric, and photometric quantities and their units (K. Fujiwara).-26. Basics of LEDs for plant cultivation (K. Fujiwara).- 27. Measurement of photometric and radiometric characteristics of LEDs for plant cultivation (E. Goto)).- 28. Configuration, function and operation of LED lighting systems (A. Yano).- 29. Energy balance and energy conversion process of LEDs and LED lighting systems (A. Yano).- 30. Health effects of occupational exposure to LED light: A special reference to plant cultivation works in plant factories (M. Takao).- 31. Moving toward Self-Learning Closed Plant Production Systems (T. Kozai, and K. Fujiwara).