Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization (eBook)
130 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-804551-0 (ISBN)
Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization is a single source of information on all aspects of soybean processing and utilization written by experts from around the globe. Written in an easy-to-read format, this title covers a wide range of topics including the physical and chemical characteristics of soybeans and soybean products; harvest and storage considerations; byproduct utilization; soy foods; and nutritional aspects of soybean oil and protein. Compares soybeans to other vegetable oils as a source of edible oil products Presents a wide range of topics including chemistry, production, food use, byproduct use, and nutritional aspects Offers practical information ideal for soybean oil plant managers
Soybeans vs. Other Vegetable Oils as a Source of Edible Oil Products
David D. Asbridge, Director, Industry Information, American Soybean Association, St. Louis, MO
Introduction
Soybeans are the dominant oilseed in both U.S. and world markets. During a normal production year, soybeans make up well over one-half of all oilseeds produced worldwide. This domination has been documented (1) since the popularity of the crop skyrocketed in the United States and Brazil during the mid-1970s. Total world production of soybeans now accounts for almost 130 million metric tons (MMT) and is expected to continue to increase as world population increases and people continue to upgrade their diets as income increases to include more fats, oils, and livestock-based protein. This protein, in many cases, comes from livestock fed a nutritious diet of soybean meal and cereals.
Table 1.1 shows how important soybeans are in the world production of oilseeds. It also shows that the United States is the dominant source for soybeans, although Brazil and Argentina continue to increase production. China, a long-time producer of soybeans, has stagnated in its soybean production and will soon probably not even be able to meet its own internal needs as a rapidly growing economy continues to push demand ahead of supply. One growing producer of soybeans is India, where the oil is consumed and the meal is exported to generate hard currency.
TABLE 1.1
World Production of Major Oilseeds (1)
| Soybeans: |
| United States | 50.75 | 59.55 | 49.22 |
| Brazil | 19.40 | 22.30 | 24.40 |
| China | 11.01 | 10.30 | 13.00 |
| Argentina | 9.92 | 11.00 | 12.20 |
| European Union | 1.80 | 1.47 | .78 |
| Paraguay | 1.38 | 1.75 | 1.80 |
| Other | 9.45 | 10.36 | 12.21 |
| Total | 103.70 | 116.72 | 113.61 |
| Cottonseed: |
| China | 7.61 | 7.66 | 6.40 |
| United States | 5.33 | 5.65 | 5.69 |
| USSR/C15d | 4.76 | 3.68 | 3.88 |
| India | 3.84 | 4.67 | 4.24 |
| Pakistan | 3.27 | 3.08 | 2.61 |
| Brazil | 1.25 | .73 | .79 |
| Other | 6.82 | 6.06 | 6.12 |
| Total | 32.88 | 31.53 | 29.72 |
| Peanuts (in shell): |
| India | 7.51 | 8.85 | 7.40 |
| China | 5.98 | 5.95 | 8.00 |
| United States | 1.83 | 1.94 | 1.51 |
| Senegal | .78 | .58 | .63 |
| Sudan | .40 | .39 | .39 |
| Brazil | .16 | .15 | .15 |
| Argentina | .42 | .28 | .30 |
| South Africa | .14 | .17 | .18 |
| Other | 4.89 | 4.86 | 4.91 |
| Total | 22.10 | 23.17 | 23.46 |
| Sunflower seed: |
| USSR/C15d | 6.31 | 5.69 | 5.41 |
| Argentina | 3.56 | 3.10 | 3.30 |
| Eastern Europe | 2.25 | 2.59 | 2.25 |
| United States | 1.09 | 1.18 | 1.18 |
| China | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.25 |
| European Union | 4.00 | 4.06 | 3.57 |
| Other | 3.12 | 3.46 | 3.94 |
| Total | 21.51 | 21.25 | 20.91 |
| Rapeseed: |
| China | 6.30 | 7.65 | 6.80 |
| European Union | 6.09 | 6.25 | 6.01 |
| Canada | 3.73 | 3.69 | 5.40 |
| India | 4.61 | 4.87 | 5.80 |
| Eastern Europe | 1.82 | 1.20 | 1.16 |
| Other | 1.64 | 1.70 | 1.84 |
| Total | 24.18 | 25.36 | 27.18 |
aSplit year includes Northern Hemisphere crops harvested in the late months of the first year shown combined with Southern Hemisphere and certain Northern Hemisphere crops harvested in the early months of the following year.
bPreliminary.
cforecast.
dExcluding Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Soybean dominance comes from a variety of factors, including favorable agronomic characteristics, reasonable returns to the farmer and processor, high-quality protein meal for animal feed, high-quality edible oil products, and the plentiful, dependable supply of soybeans available at a competitive price. The price factor is especially important, because many of the uses of the protein and oil are for “commodity” products that need to meet many different levels of uses. Soybeans have a good mix of amino acids and fatty acids that make the protein and oil fit into most uses. There are some “designer” soybeans for very specific uses, but most soy is raised to go into a generic market, where availability and price are the driving factors. A change in this situation may occur over time but will take a change in thinking of the entire industry.
Agronomic Characteristics
Soybean plants can be grouped into basically two main types, determinant and indeterminant, both grown mostly in temperate climates. The determinant varieties will flower at a certain time of the year, basically when the days begin to shorten. Indeterminant varieties will continue to flower and put on fruit until the weather dictates that it is time to curtail plant growth. There are many different varieties which allow soybeans to be produced in different maturity zones that stretch from North Dakota (latitude 49°N) to Louisiana (latitude 30°N) in the United States.
One of the most important agronomic characteristics of soybeans is that it can take nitrogen from the air and “fix” it to be used by the soybean plant. The symbiotic relationship between the soybean plant and its nodulating bacterium (Rhizobium japonicum) is responsible for the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available nitrogen. This also makes soybeans a good rotational crop for use with high nitrogen-consuming crops such as corn. One can usually expect a 5 to 10% increase in the yields of both crops when rotated as opposed to either crop in a monoculture farming operation.
Another important benefit of this nitrogen fixation is that it helps to keep the production costs for soybeans relatively low compared to other crops that compete for the same land area. This is illustrated in Table 1.2 (1,2).
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 25.8.2015 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie |
| Technik ► Lebensmitteltechnologie | |
| Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-804551-5 / 0128045515 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-804551-0 / 9780128045510 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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