Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition 1991 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Preface 6
Part I: Pig Nutrition 10
CHAPTER 1. ENERGY-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS IN PIGS 12
Introduction 12
Animal factors 16
Dietary factors 21
Integration of the interactive factors—modelling 24
Conclusions 27
References 27
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION OF THE WORKING BOAR 30
Introduction 30
Nutrition during rearing 30
The effects of nutrition on reproductive performance 31
Requirements for energy 37
Requirements for proteins and amino acids 41
Requirements for minerals 43
Requirements for vitamins 44
Dietary fibre in the nutrition of the working boar 47
Environmental effects on reproductive performance 48
Summary and conclusions 49
References 50
CHAPTER 3. TOWARDS AN IMPROVED UTILIZATION OF DIETARYAMINO ACIDS BY THE GROWING PIG 54
Introduction 54
Physiological processes affecting amino acid utilization 55
Means of improving the efficiency of utilization of dietary amino acids 61
The development of amino acid digestibility assays 62
The development of assays to determine digestible levels of chemicallyavailable amino acids 67
Conclusion 69
References 70
CHAPTER 4. PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY AND REQUIREMENTS IN PIGS 74
Introduction 74
Digestible phosphorus in feedstuffs 75
The requirement for phosphorus 82
Conclusions 87
References 88
Part II: Poultry Nutrition 90
CHAPTER 5. NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF FAT AND LEAN BROILER GENOTYPES 92
Selection of fat and lean genotypes 92
Nutritional responses 94
Metabolic efficiency 100
Conclusions 102
References 102
CHAPTER 6. THE USE OF ENZYMES TO IMPROVE THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF POULTRY FEEDS 104
Introduction 104
Substrates in cereal grains 104
Nutritional effects of non-starch polysaccharides 108
Value of viscosity as an indicator of nutritional value 112
Enzyme sources and substrate hydrolysis 114
Enzyme stability 116
Factors influencing enzyme response 117
Specific cereal grains 119
Conclusion 121
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
Part III: Legislation 126
CHAPTER 7. LEGISLATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE FEED COMPOUNDER 128
Medicated feeds 128
Marketing of feeds/new UK feed regulations 129
Undesirable substances 131
Salmonella 132
Miscellaneous legislation 133
Conclusions 134
Appendix: I Medicinal products in medicated feeds 134
Appendix: II Declaration of ingredients 22 January 1992 135
Appendix: III Harmonized EC compound feed label — additional compulsory declarations 135
Appendix: IV PHLS-SVS update on Salmonella infection — October 1990 137
Part IV: General Nutrition 142
CHAPTER 8. IMPLICATIONS OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE ON GROWTH AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF CHICKS 144
Introduction 144
Impact of an immune response on growth rate 145
Homeorhetic consequence of an immune response 145
Impact of an immune response on nutrient requirements 149
Unanswered questions 153
References 154
CHAPTER 9. STRATEGIES FOR ANIMAL NUTRITION - 2000 AND BEYOND 156
Introduction 156
The European feed industry 156
The West European animal production industry 158
New technologies 161
Changes in the business environment 162
Strategic choices for the compound feed industry 164
Summary and conclusion 167
References 168
Part V: Ruminant Nutrition 170
CHAPTER 10. ANION-CATION BALANCE AND ITS EFFECT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF RUMINANTS 172
Introduction 172
The concept of balancing anions and cations in rations 173
Potential roles in metabolic processes for balanced anions and cations 174
Responses of ruminants to balancing dietary anions and cations 175
Prevention of milk fever 179
Metabolic possibilities for increasing entry of calcium to blood by altering DCAB 181
Low calcium and phosphorus versus anion-cation balances in the prevention of milk fever 183
Dietary cation-anion balances of feeds and its implications 184
Conclusions 185
References 185
CHAPTER 11. THE FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF INTENSIVELY REARED BULLS: CONVENTIONAL COMPARED WITH ORGANIC 190
Introduction 190
Systems of bull beef production 192
Intensive cereal systems — dairy bred calves 194
Intensive silage systems 203
Bull beef from the suckler herd 206
Grazing bulls 208
Organic beef production 213
References 217
12 NUTRITION AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF MODIFYING THE SEASONALITY OF FARMED RED DEER 220
Introduction 220
Nutrition of red deer 221
Feeding management for farmed red deer 225
Modification of seasonality 225
General conclusions 230
Acknowledgements 230
References 231
13 MODELLING NUTRIENT SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION BY RUMINANTS 234
Introduction 234
Whole-animal models and the feed industry 235
Metabolism and the partition of nutrients 238
Digestion and nutrient supply 240
Intake and its prediction 242
Conclusions 243
References 244
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 246
INDEX 260