BSc (hons) in Zooloy, University of Birmingham UK 1947PhD in Zoology (Embryology), University of London 1951, supervised by Sir Gavin deBeer and Michael Abercrombie.Apart from brief periods in Anatomy Department, Cambridge and Department of Biology, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, academic posts have all been at UCL (University College London). Retired 1991 as Emeritus Professor in Embryology.Research predominantly on early chick embryos concerned mainly with problems of tissue interaction, gastrulation and segmentation.Founder member of Embryologists' Club, the predecessor of BSDB (British Society of Developmental Biology). Served on several editorial boards, including JEEM (now Development) and Anatomy and Embryology. Publications: approximately 120, including 2 books, 5 edited books.
The Atlas of Chick Development, Third Edition, a classic work covering all major event of chick development, is extensively updated with new and more detailed photographs, enlargements showing regions of special-interest and complexity, and new illustrations. The revised text and expanded illustrative material describe the intricate changes that take place during development, together with accounts of recent experimental and molecular research that has transformed our understanding of morphogenesis. These wide-ranging updates make this book an essential resource for developmental biologists, geneticists, molecular biologists, poultry scientists, biochemists, immunologists, and other life scientists who use the chick embryo as their research model. Individuals joining this burgeoning area, ignited by the increased insight into events surrounding organ and tissue differentiation, will find this a valuable tool to help grow a basic knowledge of morphogenesis. - Remains the established standard the only book providing a comprehensive description of chick development from fertilization to hatching- Contains more than 750 photographs and illustrations, including 410 labelled histological sections and 85 new high-quality plates, showing the major anatomical events from the earliest stages to 13 days of incubation- Includes more than 200 labelled and detailed scanning electron micrographs, showing various tissues in great detail- Leads the reader to important reviews on aspects of this rapidly moving field, along with extensive and updated references
Front Cover 1
The Atlas of Chick Development 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Preface to First Edition 12
Preface to Second Edition 14
Preface to Third Edition 16
Note on Plates 18
Glossary 20
Some Highlights in the History of Chick Embryology 32
Chapter 1 - The Hen’s Egg and its Formation 34
THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE HEN 34
THE OVIDUCT 36
THE OVULATION CYCLE IN THE LAYING HEN 36
THE VITELLINE MEMBRANE (PERIVITELLINE LAYER) 37
TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS ACROSS THE VITELLINE MEMBRANE 37
ALBUMEN AND THE CHALAZAE 38
THE EGG SHELL AND ITS FORMATION 38
THE LAID EGG 38
Chapter 2 - Techniques 40
‘MILKING’ HENS 40
STORAGE OF EGGS 40
INCUBATION 40
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 41
LABELLING TECHNIQUES 41
CULTURE TECHNIQUES 42
GRAFTING AND TRANSPLANTS 43
IN OVO TECHNIQUES 44
PREPARATION OF SERIAL SECTIONS 45
INSTRUMENTS 46
COMMON ABNORMALITIES 46
Chapter 3 - Early Stages 48
FERTILIZATION AND PRE-LAYING 48
NORMAL TABLES 50
THE EARLY POST-LAYING STAGES 51
GASTRULATION MOVEMENTS 56
INGRESSION AND CELL MIGRATION AWAY FROM THE PRIMITIVE STREAK 59
Chapter 4 - Establishment of the Embryonic Body 62
HEAD PROCESS AND REGRESSION 64
THE TAILBUD 65
NEURAL INDUCTION 66
FORMATION OF THE NEURAL PLATE AND NEURAL TUBE 67
REGIONALIZATION OF THE NEURAL TISSUE 68
FORMATION OF THE NOTOCHORD AND SOMITES 69
THE LATERAL PLATE MESODERM AND THE INTERMEDIATE MESODERM 73
THE NEURAL CREST 73
Chapter 5 - External Appearance and Polarity 78
FACE 79
ORIGIN OF THE LIMBS 80
GROWTH OF THE EMBRYO 82
APOPTOSIS 82
POLARITY: SYMMETRY AND ASYMMETRY 82
Chapter 6 - Heart, Blood Vessels and Lymphatics 84
HEART 84
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY HEART FIELDS 84
THE BLOOD VESSELS 92
EMBRYONIC BLOOD VESSELS 93
THE VENOUS SYSTEM 95
THE ENDOTHELIAL AND HAEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS 98
THE LYMPHATICS 98
Chapter 7 - Urino-Genital System 100
THE URINARY SYSTEM 100
THE GENITAL SYSTEM 104
Chapter 8 - Gut, Coelom and Respiratory System 110
EARLY STAGES 110
THE INTESTINES 117
THE COELOM, MESENTERIES AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 119
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 121
Chapter 9 - Nervous System 124
THE BRAIN 124
HISTOLOGY OF THE SPINAL CORD AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIBRE TRACTS 126
SPINAL NERVES 127
THE CRANIAL NERVES AND GANGLIA 128
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 130
ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE 131
Chapter 10 - Skeleton and Muscles 136
SKELETON 136
THE MUSCLES 145
Chapter 11 - The Integument 150
THE FEATHERS 150
THE PERIDERM 153
BEAK AND CLAWS 153
THE COMB 154
THE UROPYGIAL GLAND 154
PIGMENTATION 154
INNERVATION AND SENSORY RECEPTORS IN THE INTEGUMENT 155
Chapter 12 - Endocrine Glands 156
THE PITUITARY GLAND 156
THE THYROID GLAND 157
THE PARATHYROID GLANDS 157
THE ADRENAL GLANDS 158
THE PANCREAS 158
THE GONADS 158
GUT ENDOCRINE CELLS 158
Chapter 13 - Extra-Embryonic Membranes 160
THE YOLK SAC 160
THE AMNION AND CHORION 161
THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE 161
Photographic Plates 164
Plate 1 Oocytes and sperm 165
Plate 2 Shell, shell membranes and vitelline membrane 167
Plate 3 Light micrographs of whole-mounted twin embryos 169
Plate 4 Extra-embryonic blood vessels 171
Plate 5 Light micrographs showing Cleavage 173
Plate 6 Subgerminal layer 175
Plate 7 Dorsal side of early embryos 177
Plate 8 Dorsal side: primitive streak and neural folds 179
Plate 9 Primitive streak 181
Plate 10 Primitive streak sections: medial and lateral 183
Plate 11 Scanning electron micrographs of the primitive streak 185
Plate 12 Stage 4 (19–20 h) transverse sections (TS) 187
Plate 13 Stage 5 (20–22 h) 189
Plate 14 Stage 6 (23–25 h) 191
Plate 15 Head region 193
Plate 16 Body flexures and area opaca 195
Plate 17 Neural folds and neural tube 197
Plate 18 Closure of the anterior neuropore 199
Plate 19 Neural tube 201
Plate 20 Scanning electron micrographs of notochord 203
Plate 21 Somites and segmental plate 205
Plate 22 Scanning electron micrographs of somites and nephric duct 207
Plate 23 Somite differentiation 209
Plate 24 Neural crest I 211
Plate 25 Neural crest II 213
Plate 26 Scanning electron micrographs of otic placodes and pits 215
Plate 27 Scanning electron micrographs of otic pits and nasal placodes 217
Plate 28 Scanning electron micrographs of the lens placode 219
Plate 29 Light micrographs of whole embryos and skeletally stained feet 221
Plate 30 Scanning electron and light micrographs of limbs 223
Plate 31 Scanning electron micrographs of the tail bud 225
Plate 32 Heart development I 227
Plate 33 Heart development II 229
Plate 34 Heart development III 231
Plate 35 Heart development IV 233
Plate 36 Heart development V 235
Plate 37 Heart development VI 237
Plate 38 Internal organs: heart and lungs 239
Plate 39 Internal organs: intestinal and urogenital systems 241
Plate 40 Internal organs: heart and gizzard 243
Plate 41 Internal organs: liver and ventricle 245
Plate 42 Aortic arches 247
Plate 43 Blood vessel formation 249
Plate 44 Vascularization of the chorioallantoic membrane 251
Plate 45 Pharyngeal arch arteries I 253
Plate 46 Pharyngeal arch arteries II 255
Plate 47 Blood vessels in the trunk I 257
Plate 48 Blood vessels in the trunk II 259
Plate 49 Intestinal and urogenital systems 261
Plate 50 Nephric duct 263
Plate 51 Mesonephros 265
Plate 52 Mullerian duct and mesonephros 267
Plate 53 Head and face 269
Plate 54 External genitalia I 271
Plate 55 External genitalia II 273
Plate 56 Scanning electron micrographs of the lung 275
Plate 57 Parabronchial architecture 277
Plate 58 Central nervous system 279
Plate 59 Amnion 281
Plate 60 Stage 8 (26–29 h) 283
Plate 61 Stage 8 (26–29 h) TS 285
Plate 62 Stage 8 (26–29 h) TS 287
Plate 63 Stage 9 (29–33 h) 289
Plate 64 Stage 9 (29–33 h) TS 291
Plate 65 Stage 9 (29–33 h) TS 293
Plate 66 Stage 10 (33–38 h) 295
Plate 67 Stage 10 (33–38 h) LS: sagittal 297
Plate 68 Stage 10 (33–38 h) TS 299
Plate 69 Stage 10 (33–38 h) TS 301
Plate 70 Stage 11 (40–45 h) TS 303
Plate 71 Stage 11 (40–45 h) TS 305
Plate 72 Stage 11 (40–45 h) TS 307
Plate 73 Stage 12 (45–49 h) LS 309
Plate 74 Stage 12 (45–49 h) LS: coronal 311
Plate 75 Stage 12 (45–49 h) LS: coronal 313
Plate 76 Stage 13 (48–52 h) 315
Plate 77 Stage 13+ (52 h) 317
Plate 78 Stage 13 (48–52 h) LS: coronal 319
Plate 79 Stage 13 (48–52 h) TS 321
Plate 80 Stage 14 (50–53 h) 323
Plate 81 Stage 14 (50–53 h) LS: coronal 325
Plate 82 Stage 14 (50–53 h) LS: coronal and sagittal 327
Plate 83 Stage 14 (50–53 h) LS: coronal and sagittal 329
Plate 84 Stage 14 (50–53 h) TS 331
Plate 85 Stage 14 (50–53 h) TS 333
Plate 86 Stage 14 (50–53 h) TS 335
Plate 87 Stage 14 (50–53 h) TS 337
Plate 88 Stage 16 (52–64 h) 339
Plate 89 Stage 17 (52–64 h) TS 341
Plate 90 Stage 17 (52–64 h) TS 343
Plate 91 Stage 17 (52–64 h) TS 345
Plate 92 Stage 17 (52–64 h) TS 347
Plate 93 Stage 17 (52–64 h) TS 349
Plate 94 Stage 18 (65–69 h) 351
Plate 95 Stage 18 (65–69 h) LS 353
Plate 96 Stage 18 (65–69 h) LS 355
Plate 97 Stage 18 (65–69 h) LS 357
Plate 98 Stage 18 (65–69 h) 359
Plate 99 Stage 18 (65–69 h) TS 361
Plate 100 Stage 18 (65–69 h) TS 363
Plate 101 Stage 18 (65–69 h) TS 365
Plate 102 Stage 18 (65–69 h) TS 367
Plate 103 Stage 18 (65–69 h) TS 369
Plate 104 Stage 18 (65–69 h) TS 371
Plate 105 Stage 18 (65–69 h) TS 373
Plate 106 Stage 20 (70–72 h) 375
Plate 107 Stage 23 (day 4) LS: coronal and sagittal 377
Plate 108 Stage 23 (day 4) LS: coronal and sagittal 379
Plate 109 Stage 23 (day 4) TS 381
Plate 110 Stage 23 (day 4) TS 383
Plate 111 Stage 23 (day 4) TS 385
Plate 112 Stage 23 (day 4) TS 387
Plate 113 Stage 24 (day 4.5) TS 389
Plate 114 Stage 24 (day 4.5) TS 391
Plate 115 Stage 24 (day 4.5) TS 393
Plate 116 Stage 24 (day 4.5) TS 395
Plate 117 Stage 24 (day 4.5) TS 397
Plate 118 Stage 26 (day 5) LS: sagittal 399
Plate 119 Stage 26 (day 5) LS: sagittal 401
Plate 120 Stage 26 (day 5) LS: sagittal 403
Plate 121 Stage 26 (day 5) LS: sagittal 405
Plate 122 Stage 26 (day 5) LS: sagittal 407
Plate 123 Stage 26 (day 5) LS: sagittal 409
Plate 124 Stage 26 (day 5) LS: sagittal 411
Plate 125 Stage 26 (day 5) LS: oblique 413
Plate 126 Stage 26 (day 5) TS 415
Plate 127 Stage 26 (day 5) TS 417
Plate 128 Stage 26 (day 5) TS 419
Plate 129 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 421
Plate 130 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 423
Plate 131 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 425
Plate 132 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 427
Plate 133 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 429
Plate 134 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 431
Plate 135 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 433
Plate 136 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 435
Plate 137 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 437
Plate 138 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 439
Plate 139 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 441
Plate 140 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: sagittal 443
Plate 141 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: coronal 445
Plate 142 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: coronal 447
Plate 143 Stage 28 (day 6) LS: coronal 449
Plate 144 Stage 28 (day 6) TS 451
Plate 145 Stage 28 (day 6) TS 453
Plate 146 Stage 28 (day 6) TS 455
Plate 147 Stage 28 (day 6) TS 457
Plate 148 Stage 31 (day 7) LS: sagittal 459
Plate 149 Stage 31 (day 7) LS: sagittal 461
Plate 150 Stage 31 (day 7) TS 463
Plate 151 Stage 31 (day 7) TS 465
Plate 152 Stage 31 (day 7) TS 467
Plate 153 Stage 31 (day 7) TS 469
Plate 154 Stage 31 (day 7) TS 471
Plate 155 Stage 31 (day 7) TS 473
Plate 156 Stage 31 (day 7) TS: enlargements 475
Plate 157 Stage 35 (day 9) LS: sagittal 477
Plate 158 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 479
Plate 159 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 481
Plate 160 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 483
Plate 161 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 485
Plate 162 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 487
Plate 163 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 489
Plate 164 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 491
Plate 165 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 493
Plate 166 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 495
Plate 167 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 497
Plate 168 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 499
Plate 169 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 501
Plate 170 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 503
Plate 171 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 505
Plate 172 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 507
Plate 173 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 509
Plate 174 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 511
Plate 175 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 513
Plate 176 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 515
Plate 177 Stage 35 (day 9) TS 517
Plate 178 Stage 36 (day 10) 519
Plate 179 Stage 36 (day 10) LS: coronal 521
Plate 180 Stage 36 (day 10) LS: coronal 523
Plate 181 Stage 36 (day 10) LS: coronal 525
Plate 182 Stage 36 (day 10) LS: coronal 527
Plate 183 Stage 36 (day 10) LS: coronal 529
Plate 184 Stage 37 (day 11) LS: sagittal 531
Plate 185 Stage 37 (day 11) LS: sagittal 533
Plate 186 Stage 37 (day 11) LS: sagittal 535
Plate 187 Stage 37 (day 11) LS: sagittal 537
Plate 188 Stage 37 (day 11) LS: sagittal 539
Plate 189 Stage 37 (day 11) LS: sagittal 541
Plate 190 Stage 37 (day 11) LS: sagittal 543
Plate 191 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 545
Plate 192 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 547
Plate 193 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 549
Plate 194 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 551
Plate 195 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 553
Plate 196 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 555
Plate 197 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 557
Plate 198 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 559
Plate 199 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 561
Plate 200 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 563
Plate 201 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 565
Plate 202 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 567
Plate 203 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 569
Plate 204 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 571
Plate 205 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 573
Plate 206 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 575
Plate 207 Stage 37 (day 11) TS 577
Plate 208 Stage 39 (day 13) LS: sagittal 579
Plate 209 Stage 39 (day 13) LS: coronal and sagittal 581
Plate 210 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 583
Plate 211 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 585
Plate 212 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 587
Plate 213 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 589
Plate 214 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 591
Plate 215 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 593
Plate 216 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 595
Plate 217 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 597
Plate 218 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 599
Plate 219 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 601
Plate 220 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 603
Plate 221 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 605
Plate 222 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 607
Plate 223 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 609
Plate 224 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 611
Plate 225 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 613
Plate 226 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 615
Plate 227 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 617
Plate 228 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 619
Plate 229 Stage 39 (day 13) TS 621
Plate 230 Stage 37 (day 11) 623
Plate 231 Stage 39 (day 13) 625
Plate 232 Stage 45 (Day 19.5) 627
Appendices - Normal Tables 630
Appendix I - Normal Table of Eyal-Giladi and Kochav (1975) 632
CLEAVAGE STAGES 632
FORMATION OF AREA PELLUCIDA 632
HYPOBLAST FORMATION (EARLY STAGES OF INCUBATION) 632
APPENDIX I PLATE 1 633
Appendix I Plate 2 634
APPENDIX I PLATE 3 634
Appendix I Plate 4 635
Appendix I Plate 5 635
Appendix II Normal Table of Hamburger and Hamilton (1951 1992)
Appendix II Plates 1 641
APPENDIX II PLATES 2 642
APPENDIX II PLATES 3 643
APPENDIX II PLATES 4 644
APPENDIX II PLATES 5 645
APPENDIX II PLATES 6 646
APPENDIX II PLATES 7 647
APPENDIX II PLATES 8 648
APPENDIX II PLATES 9 649
APPENDIX II PLATES 10 650
APPENDIX II PLATES 11 651
APPENDIX II PLATES 12 652
APPENDIX II PLATES 13 653
APPENDIX II PLATES 14 654
APPENDIX III - ADDITIONAL NORMAL TABLES 656
CHICK 656
DUCK 656
PHEASANT 656
QUAIL 656
TURKEY 656
References 658
Index 686
Glossary
Achondroplasia several mutant types of dwarfism in which ossification of bones is premature, reducing growth, e.g. nanomelia in birds (Greek: a = not: chondro = cartilage; plasia = plastic).
Acrosome vesicular structure at the anterior end of the sperm containing hydrolytic enzymes (Greek: akron = extremity, top).
Activation of the egg the stimulation of an egg cell, normally by fusion with a sperm, resulting in the onset of development (Latin: activus = active).
Activation of the sperm the acquisition of motility by a sperm.
Agenesis failure of part of the body to develop (Greek: a = not; genesis = to come into being).
Air space the space between the two shell membranes at the blunt end of the egg. The chick pushes its beak into this space shortly before hatching and takes its first breath of air.
Albumen the egg-white of a bird’s egg (Latin: albus = white).
Allantoic stalk the base of the allantois, which connects it to the hindgut.
Allantois sac-like outgrowth from the hindgut consisting of endoderm covered with splanchnic mesoderm. It becomes highly vascularized and fuses with the chorion (see Chorioallantois). Excretory products are stored in its lumen (Greek: allas = sausage; eidos = form). N.B.: the chick allantois is balloon-like, not sausage-shaped.
Amniocardiac vesicle bilaterally situated spaces forming in the mesoderm on either side of the head process. The dorsal wall of each cavity is composed of ectoderm and somatic mesoderm and gives rise to the amnion. The cavities become continuous medially with the cardiac cavity (becoming the pericardial coelum) and with the coelomic cavity laterally.
Amnion the sac that envelops the embryo from about 3 days of incubation (Greek: amnos = a lamb).
Amniotes the three classes of truly terrestrial vertebrates, reptiles, birds and mammals, all of which possess a true amnion.
Amniotic fluid the proteinaceous fluid contained within the amnion and whose main function is to prevent dehydration and adhesions between the limbs and other regions of the body prior to cornification of the epidermis.
Amniotic folds the folds of ectoderm, together with adherent somatic mesoderm, which fuse with one another to form the amnion and chorion.
Angiogenesis development of certain parts of the vascular system (e.g. in the area vasculosa) by the formation of blood islands, which then join together by sprouting (but see also Vasculogenesis) (Greek: angeion = vessel; genesis = generation, development).
Animal pole the uppermost surface of the fertilized egg, as opposed to the vegetal pole, the lowermost side.
Anlagen (German) see Primordium.
Anteriorcranial, rostral towards the head end (Latin: ante = in front of).
Anterior intestinal portal the opening of the foregut in the early embryo into the lumen of the yolk sac (Latin: ante = before; intus = within; porta = door).
Anterior necrotic zone (ANZ) a patch of dead cells that appears on the anterior surface of the limb bud at stage 22 (about 3.5–4 days) (Latin: ante = before; Greek: nekros = dead body).
Anterior neuropore the gap left between the unfused region of the neural folds at their most anterior end (see Plate 18). This pore becomes lost when the neural folds fuse at about stage 11 (see also Posterior neuropore).
Apical ectodermal ridge the thickened epithelium at the tip of a limb bud, which is essential for limb development (see Plate 30 ).
Apoptosis see Programmed cell death (Latin: ap = before; Greek: ptosis from piptein = to fall).
Area centralis the central area of a bird’s blastoderm before the establishment of the area pellucida and area opaca.
Area opaca the peripheral region of a young blastoderm, encircling the area pellucida. When removed from the yolk mass and viewed by transmitted light, the tissue appears opaque because of the large amount of intracellular yolk droplets.
Area pellucida the central area of a young blastoderm, which possesses little intracellular yolk and is therefore relatively transparent compared with the area opaca.
Area vasculosa the proximal part of the area opaca after it has become vascularized.
Area vitellina the distal part of the area opaca that remains unvascularized.
Atresia the reduction or elimination of the lumen of an organ, or the failure of a duct to canalize (Greek: a = not; tresio = perforate, passage).
Atrio-ventricular canal the constriction between the initial atrium and ventricle in the developing heart, which becomes divided into left and right sides by the growth of the atrio-ventricular cushions (Latin: atrium = vestibule; ventriculus = small belly; canalis = channel).
Atrophy the wasting away of an organ or tissue. Although the term implies that this results from a lack of sufficient nourishment, this is not necessarily the case (Greek: a = not, trophe = food).
Auditory (otic) vesicle see Otic vesicle (Latin: auditus = hearing).
Autopodium the distal, flattened end of a limb bud that will give rise to a foot or hand (Greek: autos = self; podium = foot).
Axial mesoderm mesoderm lying in the midline (notochord) or immediately on either side of it (somitic mesoderm), which will take part in the formation of the axial structures, i.e. tissues arranged along the anterior–posterior axis of the body.
Axis in a bilaterally symmetrical embryo there are three body axes, antero-posterior (head–tail, cranio-caudal), dorso-ventral (back–belly) and left–right (Greek: axis = axis).
Balbiani body a region of the early oocyte rich in Golgi apparatus and mitochondria.
Bilaminar embryo a blastoderm consisting of two layers only, epiblast and a lower layer, the hypoblast.
Blastoderm, blastodisc, germinal disc, embryonic disc the flattened disc of cells that forms during cleavage in the early embryo and persists until the end of gastrulation. By the time of laying two major regions are visible, the centrally situated area pellucida and the peripherally located area opaca (Greek: blastos = bud; derma = skin).
Blastodisc see Blastoderm.
Blastomeres cleavage stage cells, each completely enclosed by a cell membrane (see also Open cells) (Greek: blastos = bud; meros = part).
Blastula an embryo during cleavage (see also Blastoderm).
Blood islands isolated clusters of mesoderm cells in the area vasculosa (developing yolk sac), each consisting of a vesicle of endothelial cells surrounding the earliest red blood corpuscles.
Body folds head, lateral and tail folds that raise the...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 19.5.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Histologie / Embryologie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zellbiologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie | |
| Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-384952-7 / 0123849527 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-384952-6 / 9780123849526 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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