Animal Growth Regulation

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1 Placental Regulation of Fetal Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Placental Anatomy and Pattern of Blood Flow.- 3. Placental Growth.- 4. Growth of Uteroplacental Blood Flow.- 5. Regulation of Blood Flow.- 6. Placental Transport.- 7. Hormone Secretion.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Endocrinology of Bone Formation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hormones.- 3. Local Regulators of Bone Formation.- References.- 3 Endocrine Regulation of Adipogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Insulin.- 3. Growth Hormone.- 4. Insulinlike Growth Factors.- 5. Glucocorticoids.- 6. Indomethacin, Prostaglandins, and AMP.- 7. Thyroid Hormones.- 8. Cachectin.- 9. Autocrine Control.- 10. Perspectives on Integrated Endocrine Control.- References.- 4 Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Regulation of Myogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Muscle Structure.- 3. Myogenesis.- 4. Factors Affecting Myogenesis.- 5. Summary.- References.- 5 The Expression of Protooncogenes in Skeletal Muscle.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Categories of Oncogenes.- 3. Oncogene Expression in Skeletal Muscle.- References.- 6 Regulation of Myofibrillar Protein Gene Expression.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Multigene Families.- 3. Major Myofibrillar Proteins of the Sarcomere.- 4. Isolation and Characterization of MHC Sequences.- 5. Effects of Various Stimuli on MHC Gene Expression.- 6. Alternative Splicing and MHC Gene Structure.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Regulation of Growth by Negative Growth Regulators.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transforming Growth Factor-?.- 3. Platelet-Derived Inhibitors.- 4. Interferons.- 5. Liver-Derived Inhibitors.- 6. Mammary-Derived Inhibitor.- 7. Glycopeptide Inhibitors.- 8. Density-Dependent Inhibitors.- 9. Summary.- References.- 8 Skeletal Muscle Proteases and Protein Turnover.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Features of Intracellular Protein Degradation.- 3. Intracellular Degradation of Muscle Proteins.- 4. Neutral and Alkaline Proteolytic Activities.- 5. Protease Inhibitors.- 6. Summary.- References.- 9 Regulation of Protein Turnover.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Factors That Affect Tissue Growth and Protein Turnover.- 3. Factors That Control Protein Turnover.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 10 Energy Balance Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence for Energy Balance Regulation in Farm Animals.- 3. Mechanisms of Energy Balance Regulation.- 4. CNS Control of Food Intake.- 5. CNS Control of Peripheral Metabolism.- 6. Theories of Signals Regulating Food Intake.- 7. Role of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides.- 8. Summary.- References.- 11 Central Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Patterns of GH Secretion.- 3. Hypothalamic Peptides Involved in GH Regulation.- 4. Hypothalamic Regions Involved in GH Regulation.- 5. Interaction of Somatostatin and GRF in Episodic GH Secretion.- 6. Neuropharmacological Regulation of GH Secretion.- 7. Gonadal Steroid Modulation of GH Secretion.- 8. Feedback Regulation of GH Secretion.- References.- 12 Mechanisms of Action for Somatotropin in Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Nature of Somatotropin.- 3. Biological Response to Somatotropin.- 4. Mechanisms of Action.- 5. Summary and Perspectives.- References.- 13 Regulation of Somatomedin Production, Release, and Mechanism of Action.- 1. Origin of the Somatomedin Hypothesis.- 2. Methods of Analyses.- 3. Gene Expression and the Insulin Peptide Family.- 4. Site of Synthesis.- 5. Somatomedin Research in Domestic Animals.- References.- 14 Sexual Differentiation and the Growth Process.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Rats.- 3. Cattle and Sheep.- 4. Swine.- 5. Chickens.- 6. Sexual Differences in Growth-Related Endocrine Processes.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 15 Potential Mechanisms for Repartitioning of Growth by ß-Adrenergic Agonists.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biology of Adrenergic Hormones and Neurotransmitters.- 3. Administration of ß-Adrenergic Agonists to Animals.- References.- 16 Gene Transfer for Enhanced Growth of Livestock.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Identification of Genes for Transfer.- 3. Methods of Producing Transgenic Animals.- 4. Production of Transkaryotic Animals.- 5. Transfer of Growth-Related Genes into Livestock.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 17 Status of Current Strategies for Growth Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Steroid Hormone and Xenobiotic Regulation of Animal Growth.- 3. Manipulation of Animal Growth with Exogenous Somatotropin.- 4. Use of Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (GRF) to Alter Animal Growth.- 5. Use of ?-Adrenergic Agonists to Manipulate Animal Growth.- 6. Use of Immunization to Manipulate Animal Growth.- 7. Summary and Perspectives.- References.