Chemistry and Technology of Furfural and its Many By-Products (eBook)
376 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-052899-1 (ISBN)
Striking a healthy balance between theory and practice, the book leads the reader from reaction mechanisms and kinetics to the technology of making furfural by various old and new processes, using conventional raw materials or sulfite waste liquor. Detailed discussions of means of increasing the yield are of great chemical and technological interest as well as of immense economic importance.
From furfural proper, the treatise shifts to the fascinating field of wanted and unwanted by-products ranging from largely unutilized carboxylic acids to troublesome impurities such as 5-methyl furfural and 2-furyl methyl ketone, and then to extremely valuable serendipitous flavor compounds such as diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. A wide variety of derivatives are discussed, considerable space is devoted to polytetrahydrofuran, an important building block of stretchable synthetic fibers, while furan resins from both furfural and furfuryl alcohol are given the attention commensurate with their industrial importance.
Notable supplementary chapters cover the in-line measurement of furfural, the treatment of furfural waste water, and various aspects of corrosion. A chapter on the applications of furfural elaborates not only traditional uses in extracting petroleum and vegetable oils but also the sensational discovery that furfural is a highly effective indirect nematocide. Without becoming toxic, it changes the microflora of the soil by stimulating bacteria antagonistic to nematodes, thereby reducing the nematode population to zero, at an unprecedented low price. It is believed that this application will be the principal outlet for furfural in the future.
A comprehensive list of physical properties, some never published before, make the book an indispensable companion for producers, users and researchers alike.
This book is a "e;world first"e;, since the furfural industry has been traditionally secretive to the point of appearing shrouded in clouds of mystery. Even renowned encyclopedic works have published but scant and often erroneous information on the subject. Striking a healthy balance between theory and practice, the book leads the reader from reaction mechanisms and kinetics to the technology of making furfural by various old and new processes, using conventional raw materials or sulfite waste liquor. Detailed discussions of means of increasing the yield are of great chemical and technological interest as well as of immense economic importance. From furfural proper, the treatise shifts to the fascinating field of wanted and unwanted by-products ranging from largely unutilized carboxylic acids to troublesome impurities such as 5-methyl furfural and 2-furyl methyl ketone, and then to extremely valuable serendipitous flavor compounds such as diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. A wide variety of derivatives are discussed; considerable space is devoted to polytetrahydrofuran, an important building block of stretchable synthetic fibers, while furan resins from both furfural and furfuryl alcohol are given the attention commensurate with their industrial importance. Notable supplementary chapters cover the in-line measurement of furfural, the treatment of furfural waste water, and various aspects of corrosion. A chapter on the applications of furfural elaborates not only traditional uses in extracting petroleum and vegetable oils but also the sensational discovery that furfural is a highly effective "e;indirect nematocide"e;. Without becoming toxic, it changes the microflora of the soil by stimulating bacteria antagonistic to nematodes, thereby reducing the nematode population to zero, at an unprecedented low price. It is believed that this application will be the principal outlet for furfural in the future. A comprehensive list of physical properties, some never published before, make the book an indispensable companion for producers, users and researchers alike.
Cover
1
Table of Contents 8
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
Reference 19
Chapter 2. The Reactions Leading to Furfural 20
2.1. Stoichiometry 20
2.2. Mechanisms 20
References 24
Chapter 3. Acid Catalysis 25
3.1. The Temperature Dependence of Acidity 25
3.2. The Proton Transfer Concept 28
References 30
Chapter 4. The Kinetics of Pentose Formation from Pentosan 31
Reference 31
Chapter 5. The Kinetics of Xylose Disappearance 32
References 35
Chapter 6. Furfural Loss Reactions 36
6.1. Furfural Resinification 36
6.2. Furfural Condensation 37
6.3. General Loss Appraisal 39
6.4. Additional Loss Reactions in Sulfite Liquor 39
References 39
Chapter 7. The "Paradox" of Furfural Yields 40
References 44
Chapter 8. The Discoloration o f Furfural 45
References 50
Chapter 9. Raw Materials 51
References 52
Chapter 10. Furfural Processes 53
10.1. The Batch Process of QUAKER OATS 53
10.2. The Batch Process Used in China 56
10.3. The Batch Process of AGRIFURANE 58
10.4. The Continuous Process of QUAKER OATS 60
10.5. The Continuous Process of ESCHER WYSS 63
10.6. The Continuous Process of ROSENLEW 65
10.7. Processes o f the Future 68
10.8. Processes Starting with Sulfite Waste Liquor 78
References 90
Chapter 11. Distillation of Furfural 92
References 102
Chapter 12. In-Line Measurement of Furfural 103
12.1. The Continuous Sampling Unit 103
12.2. The Process Spectrometer 105
Chapter 13. Treatment of Furfural Waste Water 109
Reference 114
Chapter 14. Applications of Furfural 115
14.1. Furfural as an Extractant 115
14.2. Furfural as a Fungicide 116
14.3. Furfural as a Nematocide 116
References 120
Chapter 15. Carboxylic Acids 121
15.1. Origin of the Carboxylic Acids 121
15.2. Recovery by Extraction 122
15.3. Recovery by Freezing 127
15.4. Recovery by Extractive Condensation 128
15.5. Recovery by Multieffect Azeotropic Distillation 131
15.6. Recovery by Recirculation 132
References 136
Chapter 16. Diacetyl and 2,3-Pentanedione 137
16.1. The Formation of Diacetyl 138
16.2. Analogy to Charcoal Reactors 142
16.3. Production of Diacetyl in "Free Radical Reactors" 142
16.4. Modification of Furfural Batch Reactors to Make Diacetyl 142
16.5. The Formation of 2,3-Pentanedione 145
16.6. Recovery Techniques 146
References 165
Chapter 17. Furfuryl Alcohol 167
17.1. The Vapor Phase Process 167
17.2. The Liquid Phase Process 169
17.3. Comparison of Different Catalysts 171
Reference 172
Chapter 18. Furan 173
References 175
Chapter 19. Furoic Acid 176
References 180
Chapter 20. Difurfural (5,5'-Diformyl-2,2'-Difuran) 181
References 186
Chapter 21. 2-Hydroxyfuranone-5 187
Reference 188
Chapter 22. Acetoin 189
22.1. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Diacetyl 192
22.2. Electrolytic Hydrogenation of Diacetyl 195
22.3. Preferred Commercial Form 195
References 197
Chapter 23. Pyrazines 198
Reference 198
Chapter 24. Tetrahydrofuran 201
Reference 202
Chapter 25. Polytetrahydrofuran 203
25.1. Ring Opening and Addition of Opened Rings 204
25.2. Effect of Acetic Anhydride 205
25.3. Polymerization with Siliceous Earth 208
25.4. Polymerization with Fluosulfonic Acid 211
25.5. Polymerization with Antimony Pentachloride 214
25.6. Discussion of the Initiators 215
25.7. Quality of the THF Input 219
25.8. Applications 220
References 221
Chapter 26. Xylose 222
26.1. Xylose from Agricultural Raw Materials 222
26.2. Xylose from Sulfite Waste Liquor 223
References 226
Chapter 27. Furan Dialdehyde 227
Reference 230
Chapter 28. Furan Resins 231
28.1. Furan Resins from Furfural 231
28.2. Furan Resins from Furfuryl Alcohol 236
28.3. Description of a Resin Plant 238
References 238
Chapter 29. Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol 240
References 240
Chapter 30. Dihydropyran 241
References 241
Chapter 31. Maleic Acid 242
References 245
Chapter 32. Methylfuran 246
Reference 247
Chapter 33. Pyrolysis of Furfural 248
Reference 249
APPENDICES 250
A. Properties of Furfural 251
B. Properties of Furfuryl Alcohol 257
C. Properties of Furan 258
D. Properties of Tetrahydrofuran 259
E. Properties of Diacetyl 260
F. Properties of 2,3-Pentanedione 261
G. Properties of Acetoin 262
H. Properties of Acetic Acid 263
I. Properties of Formic Acid 264
J. Properties of Difurfural (5,5'-diformyl-2,2'-difuran) 265
K. Properties of Xylose 266
L. Properties of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol 267
M. Properties of Dihydropyran 268
N. Properties of Furoic Acid 269
O. Properties of Methylfuran 270
P. Properties of 5-Methyl Furfural 271
Q. Properties of 2-Furyl Methyl Ketone 272
R. Properties of Furan Dialdehyde 273
S. Explosion Limits in Air at 760 mm Hg and 20 ~ 274
T. Spectroscopic Polarity 275
U. Pentosan Determination 279
References 281
V. Methyl Pentosan Determination 282
Reference 283
a. The Entropy Effect in Furfural Loss Reactions 284
References 285
b. The "Temperature Compensation" of Acidity 288
c. The Corrosion Debacle in Extracting Furfural with Chloroform 290
Reference 293
d. Corrosion in the Extractive Distillation of Diacetyl 294
References 296
e. Corrosion in the Extraction of Acetic Acid and Formic Acid 298
f. Neutralization of Raw Furfural 300
Reference 303
g. Distillation Measures against the Acidity of Raw Furfural 305
h. Flashing of Residues 313
i. Operational Details of the QUAKER OATS Batch Process 317
Reference 319
j. Operational Details of the ROSENLEW Process 320
k. Operational Details of a ROSENLEW Distillation 322
l. Acidity Conversion Chart 324
m .Extraction of Vegetable Oils with Furfural 326
Reference 330
n. Furoyl Chloride 331
Reference 333
o. Furfural as a Solvent 334
Reference 335
p. The Resinification Loss in Furfural Reactors 336
q. The Condensation Loss in Furfural Reactors 340
Reference 343
r. Odd Applications 344
References 350
Epilogue 351
Subject Index 352
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 9.2.2000 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Organische Chemie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Optik | |
| Technik ► Lebensmitteltechnologie | |
| Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie | |
| Wirtschaft | |
| Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-052899-6 / 0080528996 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-052899-1 / 9780080528991 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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