Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Environmental Soil Chemistry 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Preface 14
Chapter 1. Environmental Soil Chemistry: An Overview 16
Evolution of Soil Chemistry 17
The Modern Environmental Movement 18
Contaminants in Water and Soils 19
Case Study of Pollution of Soils and Waters 34
Soil Decontamination 38
Molecular Environmental Soil Chemistry 43
Suggested Reading 56
Chapter 2. Inorganic Soil Components 58
Introduction 58
Pauling’s Rules 59
Primary Soil Minerals 65
Secondary Soil Minerals 66
Specific Surface of Soil Minerals 77
Surface Charge of Soil Minerals 79
Identification of Minerals by X-Ray Diffraction Analyses 83
Use of Clay Minerals to Retain Organic Contaminants 86
Suggested Reading 87
Chapter 3. Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter 90
Introduction 90
Effect of Soil Formation Factors on SOM Contents 92
Carbon Cycling and Sequestration 94
Composition of SOM 97
Fractionation of SOM 103
Molecular and Macromolecular Structure of SOM 106
Functional Groups and Charge Characteristics 113
Humic Substance–Metal Interactions 116
SOM–Clay Complexes 124
Retention of Pesticides and Other Organic Substances by Humic Substances 126
Suggested Reading 127
Chapter 4. Soil Solution–Solid Phase Equilibria 130
Introduction 130
Measurement of the Soil Solution 131
Speciation of the Soil Solution 133
Ion Activity and Activity Coefficients 139
Dissolution and Solubility Processes 142
Suggested Reading 147
Chapter 5. Sorption Phenomena on Soils 148
Introduction and Terminology 148
Surface Functional Groups 156
Surface Complexes 157
Adsorption Isotherms 162
Equilibrium-based Adsorption Models 165
Sorption of Metal Cations 187
Sorption of Anions 189
Surface Precipitation 192
Speciation of Metal-Contaminated Soils 196
Points of Zero Charge 198
Suggested Reading 200
Chlapter 6. Ion Exchange Processes 202
Introduction 202
Characteristics of Ion Exchange 203
Cation Exchange Equilibrium Constants and Selectivity Coefficients 205
Thermodynamics of Ion Exchange 207
Relationship Between Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Ion Exchange 218
Suggested Reading 219
Chapter 7. Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes 222
Rate-Limiting Steps and Time Scales of Soil Chemical Reactions 222
Rate Laws 225
Determination of Reaction Order and Rate Constants 226
Kinetic Models 229
Multiple Site Models 233
Kinetic Methodologies 237
Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates 242
Kinetics of Important Soil Chemical Processes 243
Suggested Reading 259
Chapter 8. Redox Chemistry of Soils 260
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Potentials 260
Eh vs pH and pe vs pH Diagrams 264
Measurement and Use of Redox Potentials 268
Submerged Soils 269
Redox Reactions Involving Inorganic and Organic Pollutants 270
Suggested Reading 279
Chapter 9. The Chemistry of Soil Acidity 282
Introduction 282
Historical Perspective of Soil Acidity 285
Solution Chemistry of Aluminum 286
Exchangeable and Nonexchangeable Aluminum 289
Soil Acidity 292
Liming Soils 296
Suggested Reading 297
Chapter 10. The Chemistry of Saline and Sodic Soils 300
Introduction 300
Causes of Soil Salinity 302
Sources of Soluble Salts 303
Important Salinity and Sodicity Parameters 303
Classification and Reclamation of Saline and Sodic Soils 309
Effects of Soil Salinity and Sodicity on Soil Structural Properties 310
Effects of Soil Salinity on Plant Growth 311
Effects of Sodicity and Salinity on Environmental Quality 313
Suggested Reading 314
Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements 316
References 318
Index 360