Mouse in Biomedical Research (eBook)

Front cover 1
THE MOUSE IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, 2ND EDITION 4
Copyright page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Reviewers for Chapters in this Volume 11
Contributors 12
Foreword for Volume II 15
Preface 16
Chapter 1: Murine Cytomegalovirus and Other Herpesviruses 18
I. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 19
II. PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS 20
III. GROWTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO 25
IV. EPIZOOTIOLOGY 28
V. PATHOGENESIS 30
VI. THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MCMV INFECTION 43
VII. DIAGNOSIS 49
VIII. CONTROL AND PREVENTION 49
IX. MOUSE THYMIC VIRUS: MOUSE T LYMPHOTROPHIC VIRUS (MTLV) OR MURID HERPESVIRUS 3 50
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 52
REFERENCES 52
Chapter 2: Mouse Adenoviruses 66
I. INTRODUCTION 66
II. HISTORY AND ISOLATIONS OF MOUSE ADENOVIRUSES, ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS, VIRUS STRAINS, AND VIRUS MUTANTS 67
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 68
IV. MOLECULAR GENETICS 68
V. GROWTH OF MOUSE ADENOVIRUSES IN VITRO 70
VI. CLINICAL DISEASE AND PATHOGENESIS OF MOUSE ADENOVIRUSES 73
VII. HOST GENETICS 78
VIII. HOST RANGE AND PREVALENCE 78
IX. DIAGNOSIS, CONTROL, AND PREVENTION 78
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 79
REFERENCES 79
Chapter 3: Mousepox 84
I. INTRODUCTION 85
II. HISTORY 86
III. PROPERTIES OF THE AGENT 86
IV. STRAINS OF VIRUS 87
V. GROWTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO 88
VI. CLINICAL DISEASE 90
VII. PATHOGENESIS 90
VIII. INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES 97
IX. EPIZOOTIOLOGY 100
X. DIAGNOSIS 103
XI. CONTROL AND PREVENTION 104
REFERENCES 106
Chapter 4: Parvoviruses 110
I. HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE 110
II. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS 111
III. REPLICATION 112
IV. ANTIGENIC AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 112
V. CLINICAL SIGNS 113
VI. EPIZOOTIOLOGY 113
VII. PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 114
VIII. DIAGNOSIS 117
IX. EFFECTS ON RESEARCH 117
X. CONTROL AND PREVENTION 118
REFERENCES 119
Chapter 5: Polyoma Viruses 122
I. INTRODUCTION 123
II. THE POLYOMA VIRUS-MOUSE SYSTEM 124
III. THE TUMORS 126
IV. POLYOMA TUMORIGENESIS AS A GENERAL MODEL OF CANCER 127
V. VIRAL DETERMINANTS—STRUCTURAL PROTEINS 130
VI. VIRAL DETERMINANTS—TUMOR ANTIGENS 133
VII. VIRAL REGULATORY SEQUENCES 138
VIII. HOST DETERMINANTS 139
IX. TRANSGENIC MICE 143
X. THE PNEUMOTROPIC VIRUS OF MICE 145
XI. PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES 146
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 147
REFERENCES 147
Chapter 6: Mouse Hepatitis Virus 158
I. INTRODUCTION 159
II. PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS 163
III. PATHOGENESIS 167
IV. IMMUNITY 171
V. ISOLATION AND DETECTION OF MHV 175
VI. DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY 179
VII. SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL 185
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 188
REFERENCES 188
Chapter 7: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus 196
I. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 197
II. PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS 197
III. GROWTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO 200
IV. EPIZOOTIOLOGY 201
V. DISEASE SYNDROMES IN LABORATORY MICE 204
VI. MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY (MHC) LOCUS 214
VII. EFFECTS ON RESEARCH 219
VIII. DIAGNOSIS 220
IX. CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND SAFETY 221
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 222
REFERENCES 222
Chapter 8: Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus 232
I. INTRODUCTION 233
II. HISTORY OF ISOLATION 233
III. PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS 233
IV. VIRUS STRAINS 236
V. GROWTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO 236
VI. CHARACTERISTICS OF INFECTION 238
VII. EPIZOOTIOLOGY 243
VIII. DIAGNOSIS 244
IX. CONTROL AND PREVENTION 245
X. CONCLUSION 245
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 245
REFERENCES 245
Chapter 9: Reoviridae 252
I. INTRODUCTION 253
II. ROTAVIRUS 253
III. REOVIRIDAE (ORTHOREOVIRUS MAMMALIAN REOVIRUS)
REFERENCES 275
Chapter 10: Retroelements in the Mouse 286
I. OVERVIEW 286
II. RETROVIRUSES 287
REFERENCES 293
Chapter 11: Sendai Virus and Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM) 298
I. SENDAI VIRUS: INTRODUCTION 299
II. HISTORY 299
III. PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS 299
IV. VIRUS STRAINS AND ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS 301
V. GROWTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO 302
VI. IN VIVO INFECTION 304
VII. EPIZOOTIOLOGY 313
VIII. DIAGNOSIS 314
IX. CONTROL AND PREVENTION 315
X. PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM): INTRODUCTION 315
XI. HISTORY 315
XII. PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS 315
XIII. VIRUS STRAINS AND ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS 316
XIV. GROWTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO 317
XV. IN VIVO INFECTION 317
XVI. EPIZOOTIOLOGY 319
XVII. DIAGNOSIS 320
XVIII. CONTROL AND PREVENTION 321
REFERENCES 321
Chapter 12: Cardioviruses: Encephalomyocarditis Virus and Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus 328
I. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 328
II. PROPERTIES 329
III. ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES 332
IV. GROWTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO 332
V. CLINICAL DISEASE AND PATHOGENESIS 332
VI. EPIZOOTIOLOGY 335
VII. DIAGNOSIS 336
VIII. CONTROL AND PREVENTION 337
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 337
REFERENCES 337
Chapter 13: Chlamydial Diseases 342
I. INTRODUCTION 343
II. HISTORY 343
III. PROPERTIES OF CHLAMYDIAE 347
IV. TAXONOMY AND MOLECULAR AND ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS OF MoPn 350
V. CLINICAL DISEASE, PATHOGENESIS, AND IMMUNOLOGY 351
REFERENCES 361
Chapter 14: Clostridial Species 366
I. INTRODUCTION 367
II. CLOSTRIDIUM PILIFORME 367
III. CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS 372
IV. CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE 374
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 377
REFERENCES 377
Chapter 15: Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptobacillus moniliformis 382
I. GENERAL OVERVIEW 383
II. SALMONELLA 386
III. CITROBACTER RODENTIUM 390
IV. ESCHERICHIA COLI 394
V. PROTEUS MIRABILIS 394
VI. KLEBSIELLA 396
VII. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA 397
VIII. STREPTOBACILLUS MONILIFORMIS 400
REFERENCES 401
Chapter 16: Aerobic Gram-Positive Organisms 406
I. INTRODUCTION 407
II. STAPHYLOCOCCUS 407
III. STREPTOCOCCUS 412
IV. CORYNEBACTERIUM 416
V. SUMMARY 421
REFERENCES 421
Chapter 17: Helicobacter Infections in Mice 424
I. INTRODUCTION 425
II. HISTORY 426
III. BIOCHEMICAL, PHENOTYPIC, AND MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION 426
IV. SPECIES OF HELICOBACTER 427
V. EXPERIMENTAL HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS IN MICE 438
VI. INTERFERENCE WITH RESEARCH ATTRIBUTABLE TO HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS OF RODENTS 443
VII. EPIZOOTIOLOGY 443
VIII. DIAGNOSTIC METHODS 444
IX. TREATMENT 445
X. COLONY MANAGEMENT OF HELICOBACTER-FREE MICE 446
XI. CONCLUSION 447
REFERENCES 447
Chapter 18: Mycoplasma pulmonis, Other Murine Mycoplasmas, and Cilia-Associated Respiratory Bacillus 454
I. INTRODUCTION 455
II. M. PULMONIS 455
III. OTHER MYCOPLASMAS 470
IV. CAR BACILLUS 471
REFERENCES 476
Chapter 19: Pasteurellaceae 486
I. INTRODUCTION 487
II. HISTORY 488
III. PROPERTIES OF THE AGENTS 491
IV. GROWTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO 497
V. IN VIVO— CLINICAL DISEASE, PATHOGENESIS 498
VI. EPIZOOTIOLOGY 505
VII. DIAGNOSIS 509
VIII. TREATMENT 513
IX. CONTROL AND PREVENTION 513
REFERENCES 516
Chapter 20: Fungal Diseases in Laboratory Mice 524
I. INTRODUCTION 524
II. SPONTANEOUS/NATURAL FUNGAL INFECTIONS 525
III. ANIMAL MODELS OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS 530
REFERENCES 531
Chapter 21: Protozoa 534
I. INTRODUCTION 535
II. FLAGELLATES 537
III. AMOEBAE 544
IV. APICOMPLEXANS 545
V. MICROSPORIDIA 557
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 560
REFERENCES 560
Chapter 22: Helminth Parasites of Laboratory Mice 568
I. INTRODUCTION 569
II. HELMINTHS OF MAJOR IMPORTANCE 569
III. HELMINTHS OF MINOR IMPORTANCE 576
REFERENCES 578
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 578
Chapter 23: Arthropods 582
I. INTRODUCTION 582
II. PARASITIC LICE OF LABORATORY MICE 583
III. PARASITIC MITES OF LABORATORY MICE 585
REFERENCES 594
Chapter 24: The Tumor Pathology of Genetically Engineered Mice: A New Approach to Molecular Pathology 598
I. INTRODUCTION 599
II. COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY 629
III. SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS 633
REFERENCES 634
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 634
Chapter 25: Spontaneous Diseases in Commonly Used Mouse Strains 640
I. INTRODUCTION 641
II. INBRED STRAINS 650
III. NON-INBRED MICE 672
IV. CONCLUSION 677
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 677
V. KEY TO TABLES 678
REFERENCES 719
Chapter 26: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards 736
I. INTRODUCTION 737
II. VIRAL DISEASES 737
III. RICKETTSIAL DISEASE 741
IV. BACTERIAL DISEASES 742
V. DERMATOPHYTOSIS (RINGWORM) 747
VI. HELMINTH DISEASES 749
VII. ARTHROPOD INFESTATIONS 750
VIII. BITES 752
IX. ALLERGIC SENSITIVITIES––LABORATORY ANIMAL–ASSOCIATED ALLERGY (LAA) 752
X. CONCLUSION 756
REFERENCES 756
Index 764