Bioaccumulation in Marine Organisms (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Bioaccumulation in Marine Organisms: Effect of Contaminants from Oil Well Produced Water 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 12
Acknowledgements 16
Chapter 1. Produced Water 18
1.1 Composition of Produced Water 18
1.2 Volumes of Produced Water Discharged to the Ocean 35
1.3 Fate of Chemicals from Produced Water in the Ocean 36
1.4 Toxicity of Produced Water 47
Chapter 2. Bioaccumulation Mechanisms 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Bioavailability 54
2.3 Bioaccumulation 60
2.4 Bioconcentration 61
2.5 Biomagnification 67
Chapter 3. Arsenic in the Ocean 74
3.1 Arsenic in Seawater 74
3.2 Arsenic in Marine Sediments 77
3.3 Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Arsenic 79
3.4 Concentrations of Arsenic in Tissues of Marine Organisms 85
3.5 Toxicity of Arsenic to Marine Organisms . . 89
3.6 Environmental Effects of Arsenic in Produced Water 93
Chapter 4. Barium in the Oceean 96
4.1 Barium in Seawater 96
4.2 Barium in Marine Sediments 98
4.3 Bioaccumulation of Barium by Marine Organisms 99
4.4 Concentrations of Barium in Tissues of Marine Organisms 100
4.5 Toxicity of Barium to Marine Organisms 101
4.6 Environmental Effects of Barium in Produced Water 103
Chapter 5. Cadmium in the Ocean 106
5.1 Cadmium in Seawater 106
5.2 Cadmium in Marine Sediments 109
5.3 Bioaccumulation of Cadmium by Marine Organisms 110
5.4 Concentrations of Cadmium in Tissues of Marine Organisms 114
5.5 Toxicity of Cadmium to Marine Organisms 117
5.6 Environmental Effects of Cadmium in Produced Water 119
Chapter 6. Mercury in the Ocean 120
6.1 Mercury in Seawater 120
6.2 Mercury in Marine Sediments 125
6.3 Bioaccumulation of Mercury by Marine Organisms 129
6.4 Concentrations of Mercury in Tissues of Marine Organisms 134
6.5 Toxicity of Mercury to Marine Organisms 142
6.6 Environmental Effects of Mercury in Produced Water 146
Chapter 7. Chromium in the Ocean 148
7.1 Chromium in Seawater 148
7.2 Chromium in Marine Sediments 150
7.3 Bioaccumulation of Chromium by Marine Organisms 152
7.4 Concentrations of Chromium in Tissues of Marine Organisms 154
7.5 Toxicity of Chromium to Marine Organisms 158
7.6 Environmental Effects of Chromium in Produced Water 159
Chapter 8. Copper in the Ocean 162
8.1 Copper in Seawater 162
8.2 Copper in Marine Sediments 165
8.3 Bioaccumulation of Copper by Marine Organisms 167
8.4 Concentrations of Copper in Tissues of Marine Organisms 170
8.5 Toxicity of Copper to Marine Organisms 174
8.6 Environmental Effects of Copper in Produced Water 176
Chapter 9. Lead in the Ocean 178
9.1 Lead in Seawater 178
9.2 Lead in Marine Sediments 181
9.3 Bioaccumulation of Lead by Marine Organisms 183
9.4 Concentrations of Lead in Tissues of Marine Organisms 184
9.5 Toxicity of Lead to Marine Organisms 187
9.6 Environmental Effects of Lead in Produced Water 190
Chapter 10. Zinc in the Ocean 192
10.1 Zinc in Seawater 192
10.2 Zinc in Marine Sediments 194
10.3 Bioaccumulation of Zinc by Marine Organisms 196
10.4 Concentrations of Zinc in Tissues of Marine Organisms 199
10.5 Toxicity of Zinc to Marine Organisms 203
10.6 Environmental Effects of Zinc in Produced Water 205
Chapter 11. Radium Isotopes in the Ocean 208
11.1 Radium in Seawater 208
11.2 Radium in Marine Sediments 211
11.3 Bioaccumulation of Radium by Marine Organisms 212
11.4 Concentrations of Radium in Tissues of Marine Organisms 215
11.5 Toxicity of Radium to Marine Organisms 216
11.6 Environmental Effects of Radium in Produced Water 217
Chapter 12. Phenols in the Ocean 220
12.1 Phenols in Seawater 220
12.2 Phenols in Marine Sediments 223
12.3 Bioaccumulation of Phenols by Marine Organisms 224
12.4 Concentrations of Phenols in Tissues of Marine Organisms 226
12.5 Toxicity of Phenols to Marine Organisms 227
12.6 Environmental Effects of Phenols in Produced Water 230
Chapter 13. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in the Ocean 232
13.1 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in Seawater 232
13.2 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in Marine Sediments 235
13.3 Bioaccumulation of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate by Marine Organisms 236
13.4 Concentrations of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in Tissues of Marine Organisms 237
13.5 Toxicity of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate to Marine Organisms 238
13.6 Environmental Effects of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in Produced Water 240
Chapter 14. Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ocean 242
14.1 Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seawater 242
14.2 Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marine Sediments 248
14.3 Degradation of Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Sediments 249
14.4 Bioaccumulation of Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Marine Organisms 250
14.5 Concentrations of Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tissues of Marine Organisms 252
14.6 Toxicity of Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Marine Organisms 254
14.7 Environmental Effects of Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Produced Water 256
Chapter 15. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ocean 258
15.1 Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment 258
15.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seawater 271
15.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marine Sediments 279
15.4 Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 286
15.5 Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Marine Organisms 294
15.6 Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tissues of Marine Organisms 310
15.7 Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Marine Organisms 316
15.8 Environmental Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Produced Water 330
References 336
Index 456