Disease in Wild Animals (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Section I Introduction 11
1 Disease and epizootiology—basic principles 12
1.1 Disease and diseases 12
1.2 A definition of disease 14
1.3 Disease causation 15
1.4 Disease investigation 18
1.5 Basic epizootiological terms 19
1.6 Summary 25
2 Special problems in working with free- living animals 26
2.1 Problems in detecting diseased animals 27
2.2 Problems in determining numbers and identifying individuals 29
2.3 Problems related to lack of knowledge about the animals 32
2.4 Problems related to the diversity and intractable nature of wild animals 33
2.5 Fitness, trade-offs, and predators 35
2.6 Problems related to people 36
2.7 Summary 37
Section II Disease investigation 39
3 Identifying and defining a disease 40
3.1 Temporal distribution of disease 41
3.2 Spatial distribution of disease 46
3.3 Identification of the disease 50
3.4 Avian vacuolar myelinopathy—an example of defining a disease 56
3.5 Summary 58
4 Collecting population data 59
4.1 Basic features 59
4.2 Choosing a method 61
4.3 Basic methods for determining animal numbers 62
4.4 Population distribution 73
4.5 Vital statistics 75
4.6 Summary 88
5 Defining environmental factors 89
5.1 Characteristics of the physical environment 91
5.2 Characteristics of the biotic environment 97
5.3 Human effects on disease 103
5.4 Summary 107
6 Formulating and testing hypotheses 109
6.1 Hypotheses 109
6.2 Collecting information 111
6.3 Use of indicator or sentinel species 127
6.4 Summary 128
7 Samples, sampling and sample collection 129
7.1 Error 130
7.2 Collection and analysis of biological specimens 134
7.3 Sampling and data collection 140
7.4 Is disease present? 148
7.5 Summary 151
8 Investigation of disease outbreaks and chronic or inapparent disease 153
8.1 Investigation of outbreaks 153
8.2 Investigation of chronic or inapparent disease 161
8.3 Summary 168
9 Records and recordkeeping 170
9.1 Designing a record system 171
9.2 Logging information for retrieval 176
9.3 Collecting information 177
9.4 Filing and storing information 180
9.5 Specimen collections 183
9.6 Summary 187
Section III Disease management 188
10 Disease management—general principles 189
10.1 Is management desirable? 189
10.2 Is management feasible? 191
10.3 Who is management for? 192
10.4 Costs and benefits of management 194
10.5 How will management be done? 195
10.6 A management matrix 198
10.7 How far will the program be taken? 200
10.8 How will success be measured? 201
10.9 Summary 202
11 Management of the causative agent/ factor or its vector 203
11.1 Elimination of the cause of non-infectious diseases 204
11.2 Attacking the cause of infectious diseases 209
11.3 Management of invertebrates involved in disease transmission 215
11.4 Summary 220
12 Disease management through manipulation of the host population 221
12.1 Defining the population(s) of interest 222
12.2 Manipulation of animal distribution 222
12.3 Selective removal of diseased animals from the population 228
12.4 Reduction of population density 231
12.5 Summary 248
13 Disease management through treatment and immunization 250
13.1 Therapy of diseased animals 251
13.2 Immunization 257
13.3 Summary 271
14 Disease management through environmental modification 273
14.1 General considerations 273
14.2 Abiotic elements 275
14.3 Biotic factors 279
14.4 Predicting, preventing, and mitigating 288
14.5 Summary 291
15 Disease management through influencing human activities 293
15.1 Movement of animals and disease 294
15.2 Modifying human activities by regulation and legislation 304
15.3 Modifying human activities through education 306
15.4 Integrating disease management in planning 308
15.5 Disease transmitted from humans to wildlife 309
15.6 Summary 310
16 Emergency and integrated management programs 311
16.1 Emergency disease control 311
16.2 Integrated disease management 322
16.3 Summary 326
17 Assessing the effectiveness of a disease- management program 327
17.1 Choosing suitable parameters to measure 328
17.2 Collecting the data 331
17.3 The method of assessment 333
17.4 The time frame for assessing effectiveness 337
17.5 Assessing the economics of disease management 338
17.6 Using models to predict and assess effectiveness of programs 340
17.7 Summary 341
Common and scientific names of animals 343
References 348
Subject Index 389