Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar

DedicationFrontispiecePreface to the Second EditionPreface to the First EditionAcknowledgmentPart I. Manufacture of Raw Cane Sugar Chapter 1. Sugar Cane Miscellaneous Notes Sugar in the Diet of Man Sugar-Producing Plants Molecular Structure of Different Sugars Polarization Sugar in the Field Sugar in the Factory Notes on Crop and Soil Analyses Growth Records for Sugar Cane Notes on the Sugar Cane Stalk Borer Chapter 2. Harvesting and Transportation of Sugar Cane to the Factory Harvesting Transportation Cane Weighing in Field and Factory Unloading Cane at the Mill Complete Florida System Appendix: Recent Developments in Sugar Cane Harvesting Chapter 3. Washing Sugar Cane and Cleaning The Juices Washing Sugar Cane Losses of Sugar in Wash-Water Waste-Water Disposal Chapter 4. Extraction of Juice from Sugar Cane History Modern Tandems Magnets Cane Carriers Improvement in Mill Construction Mill Specifications Maceration Screw Presses Screening of Bagasse Disposal of Bagasse Sanitation Chapter 5. Sugar Cane Diffusion Process Introduction Extraction and Draft Theory of Diffusion Process Process Operation Types of Diffuser Diffusion Process Vs. Extraction on a Mill Tandem Chapter 6. Weighing of Raw Cane Juice Manual Weighing Automatic Scales Chapter 7. Liming of Cane Juice Composition of Sugar Cane Juice Treatment with Lime Use of Magnesium in Treatment of Sugar Cane Juice Treatment with Lime Saccharate Preparation and Use of Lime Heating of Limed Juice Chapter 8. Clarification of Cane Juice Clarification Process Purity of Clarified Juice Cleaning Screening Types of Continuous Clarifier Clarification Chapter 9. Filtration of Mud from Clarifiers Filters Mud Filtration Effluent Juice Electrolytes and Mud Thickening Filter Operation Chapter 10. Evaporation Multiple-Effect Evaporation Other Evaporator Types Operation of Evaporators Condensers Ejectors Thermo-Compressors Vapor Pipes Chapter 11. Vacuum Pans Types of Vacuum Pan Condensers Pipes and Hydraulics Vacuum Pan Instrumentation Preparation of Molasses (Run-Off) for Reboiling Pan Floor Molasses Tanks Calculation of Expected Volume of Massecuite Chapter 12. Boiling of Raw Sugar Massecuites Footing Strike Preparation of Seed and Graining Method of Boiling Footing Strike 'C'-Grade Sugar Boiling Systems Surface-Active Agents Formulas Steam Requirement for Boiling Massecuites Chapter 13. Crystallization by Cooling and Motion of Low-Grade Massecuites, and the Exhaustion of Final Molasses Saturation Crystallizers Reheating Massecuites Chapter 14. Centrifugals and Purging of Massecuites Batch Centrifugals Purging Massecuites Continuous Centrifugals Reheating Massecuite Conveyors Chapter 15. Storing and Shipping Bulk Sugar History and Origin of Bulk Sugar Shipments Advantages and Disadvantages of Handling Raw Sugar in Bulk The Bulk Sugar Warehouse Quality of Raw Sugar for Bulk Storage and Shipment Moving Sugar to the Bulk Terminal Method of Distribution and Handling of Raw Sugar in the Terminal Size of Conveyors Author's Note Chapter 16. Final Molasses Composition of Blackstrap Molasses Appraisal of Final Molasses Measurement of Final Molasses Exhaustion of Molasses Pumping Molasses Storage of Final Molasses High-Test Molasses Uses of Molasses Dilution of molasses Processes for Extraction of Sugar from Molasses Citric Acid from Molasses Chapter 17. Cleaning Heating Surfaces of Evaporators, Vacuum Pans and Heaters Scale Formation in Evaporators Longtube Evaporators Cleaning of Heaters Cleaning of Refinery Equipment Chapter 18. Water in Cane Sugar Mills: Its Uses, Care and Treatment for Boiler Feed Part II. Refining of Raw Cane Sugar Chapter 19. Raw sugar Types of Refinery Quality of Raw Sugar Plantation White Sugar Purchasing of Raw Sugar Talodura Process Characteristics of Raw Sugar Evaluation of Raw Sugar Refinery Control Methods of Refining Water in the Refinery Chapter 20. Affination and Melting Coloring Matter Inside Crystals Mingling Affination Greens Automechanization of the Affination Station Washing Raw Sugar in a Centrifugal Color Removal in Affination Melting Relative Production of Refined Sugar from Raw Sugar Screening of Melt Chapter 21. Clarification and Treatment of Refinery Melt Clarification by Phosphoric Acid—Lime Treatment and Prefiltration Decolorization by Phosphate—Lime Treatment in Continuous Flotation Clarifiers Continuous Clarifiers Scum Prefiltration Appendix I. Carbonatation of High-Density Washed Sugar Liquors Summary Introduction Fundamentals of the Process Plant Used for Continuous Carbonatation Appendix II. Carbon Dioxide Compressors Chapter 22. The Talofloc/Taloflote Process for Simultaneous Decolorization and Clarification of Refinery Liquors Introduction The Talofloc/Taloflote System Chapter 23. Decolorization of Refinery Liquors Using Granular Adsorbents and Other Decolorizing Agents General Consideration Columns Alternative Decolorizing Methods Powdered Activated Carbon Granular Carbon Ion-Exchangers Chapter 24. Filtration Types of Filter Selection of Filter Other Types of Filter Filter-Aid Precoating Filtration Cycle Sweetening-Off Sluicing Sweet-Water Filtration of Scums from Clarifiers and Sluiced Cake Summary Piping Check Filters Chapter 25. Evaporation in Refinery and Crystallization of Refinery Decolorized Liquors Advantages of Pre-Evaporation Evaporation of Sweet-Water Double-Effect Evaporators Triple-Effect Evaporators Straight Boiling In-Boiling System Back-Boiling System Growth of Sugar Crystal Boiling Procedure Steaming Vacuum Pan Steam Requirement Appendix. Calculation for Double-Effect Evaporator Chapter 26. Drying, Cooling, Conditioning and Bulk Handling of Refined Sugar Drying and Cooling Conditioning and Handling Density of Sugar Chapter 27. Remelt Recovery Methods Available Sugar Refining Out of Crop Recovery House in Refinery Preparation of Sugar Magma Double Einwurf System Centrifugals in Recovery House Final Molasses in Refinery Heavy Boiling in Remelt House Filtration in Recovery House Cooling, Reheating and Purging Double Affination of Remelt Sugar Chapter 28. Types of Refined Sugar Tablet and Cube Sugar Loaf Sugar Pilé Sugar Amorfo Sugar Areado Sugar Powdered Sugar Baker's Special Sugar Bottler's Sugar Superfine Sugar Soft Sugar Instant Sugar Agglomerated Sugar Turbinado Sugar Sulfitation Sugar Liquid Sugar Chapter 29. Biological Treatment of Refinery Wastewater Full-Scale Plant Design Full-Scale Plant Operation Conclusions Chapter 30. Use of Computers in the Sugar Industry Manufacturers Computer Use in the Sugar Industry Hierarchy of Computer Control Process Instrumentation Linear Regression Data Processing Process Data Storage Multiple Interpolation Communication Improved Instrumentation and Control Computer Graphics Conclusion Appendix I. Glossary of Computer Terms Appendix II. Economic Sweet-Water Disposal Nomenclature Used Appendix III. Sucrose Table and Other Formulas for Use with Programmable CalculatorsAppendices Appendix I. Laboratory Control Bibliography Appendix II. Tables and Conversions Table 1: Conversion Table of Equivalents Table 2: Conversions Table 3: Temperature Conversion Table 4: Density Equivalents Table 5: Properties of Saturated Steam Table 6: Properties of Dry Air at Atmospheric Pressure Table 7: Properties of Air and Water Vapor at Atmospheric Pressure Table 8: Properties of Saturated Steam Table 9: Temperature of Saturated Steam Table 10: Vapor Pressure of Water Table 11: Boiling Point Elevation for Cane Products Table 12: Available Sugar Table Appendix III. GlossaryIndex