Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 14
Dedication 6
Acknowledgment 12
PART I: MANUFACTURE OF RAW CANE SUGAR 20
CHAPTER 1. SUGAR CANE 22
Miscellaneous Notes on Sugar 22
Sugar-producing Plants 23
Polarization 26
Sugar in the Field 26
Sugar in the Factory 27
Notes on Crop and Soil Analyses 28
Growth Records for Sugar Cane 32
References 37
CHAPTER 2. HARVESTING AND TRANSPORTATION OF SUGAR CANE TO THE FACTORY 38
Harvesting 38
Transportation 40
Cane Weighing in Field and Factory 43
Unloading Cane at the Mill 44
The Complete Florida System 46
Appendix: Recent Developments in Sugar Cane Harvesting 47
CHAPTER 3. WASHING SUGAR CANE, DISPOSAL OF WASH-WATER AND CLEANING THE JUICES 54
Washing Sugar Cane 55
Losses of Sugar in Wash-Water 60
Waste-water Disposal 63
Juice Cleaning 65
References 71
CHAPTER 4. EXTRACTION OF JUICE FROM SUGAR CANE 72
History 72
Modern Tandems 73
Magnets 80
Cane Carriers 84
Improvements in Mill Construction 89
Maceration 98
Screw Presses 100
Screening Bagasse 103
Disposal of Bagasse 103
Sanitation 103
References 104
CHAPTER 5. SUGAR CANE DIFFUSION PROCESS 106
Introduction 106
Extraction and Draft 107
Theory of Diffusion Process 107
Process Operation 107
Types of Diffuser 109
Diffusion Process vs. Extraction of Juice on a Mill Tandem 123
References 125
CHAPTER 6. WEIGHING OF RAW CANE JUICE 126
Manual Weighing 126
Automatic Scales 127
CHAPTER 7. LIMING OF CANE JUICE 132
Composition of Sugar Cane Juice 132
Treatment with Lime 132
Use of Magnesium in Treatment of Sugar Cane Juice 133
Treatment with Lime Saccharate 133
Preparation and Use of Lime 133
CHAPTER 8. CLARIFICATION OF CANE JUICE 140
Clarification Process 140
Purity of Clarified Juice 142
Cleaning 144
Screening 144
Types of Continuous Clarifier 145
Clarification 150
References 151
CHAPTER 9. FILTRATION OF MUD FROM CLARIFIERS 152
Filters 152
Mud Filtration 156
Effluent Juice 157
Electrolytes and Mud Thickening 158
CHAPTER 10. EVAPORATION 166
Multiple-effect Evaporation 167
Other Evaporator Types 184
Operation of Evaporators 187
Condensers 188
Ejectors 191
Thermo-compressors 191
Vapor Pipes 191
References 192
CHAPTER 11. VACUUM PANS 194
Types of Vacuum Pan 194
Condensers 199
Pipes and Hydraulics 202
Vacuum Pan Instrumentation 203
Preparation of Molasses (Run-off) for Reboiling 205
Pan Floor Molasses Tanks 207
Calculation of Expected Volume of Massecuite 209
References 210
CHAPTER 12. BOILING OF RAW SUGAR MASSECUITES 212
Footing Strike 212
Method of Boiling Footing Strike 213
'C'-grade Sugar 214
Boiling Systems 216
Surface-active Agents 222
Formulas 222
Steam Required for Boiling Massecuites 223
References 224
CHAPTER 13. CRYSTALLIZATION BY COOLING AND MOTION OF LOW-GRADE MASSECUITES, AND THE EXHAUSTION OF FINAL MOLASSES 226
Saturation 226
Crystallizers 232
Reheating Massecuites 240
References 243
CHAPTER 14. CENTRIFUGALS AND PURGING OF MASSECUITES 244
Batch Centrifugals 244
Purging Massecuites 252
Sugar Quality 253
Continuous Centrifugals 254
Reheating Massecuite 262
References 264
CHAPTER 15. STORING AND SHIPPING BULK SUGAR 266
History and Origin of Bulk Sugar Shipments 266
Advantages and Disadvantages of Handling Raw Sugar in Bulk 266
The Bulk Sugar Warehouse 267
Quality of Raw Sugar for Bulk Storage and Shipment 275
Moving Sugar to the Bulk Terminal 276
Method of Distribution and Handling of Raw Sugar in the Terminal 277
Size of Conveyors 277
Author's Note 278
References 280
CHAPTER 16. FINAL MOLASSES 282
Composition of Blackstrap Molasses 282
Appraisal of Final Molasses 282
Measurement of Final Molasses 284
Exhaustion of Molasses 284
Pumping Molasses 284
Storage of Final Molasses 285
High-test Molasses 285
Uses of Molasses 286
Processes for Extraction of Sugar from Molasses 286
Citric Acid from Molasses 288
References 288
CHAPTER 17. CLEANING HEATING SURFACES OF EVAPORATORS, VACUUM PANSAND HEATERS 290
Scale Formation in Evaporators 290
Cleaning of Calandria 291
Long-tube Evaporators 294
Cleaning of Heaters 295
Cleaning of Refinery Equipment 295
References 296
CHAPTER 18. WATER IN CANE SUGAR MILLS: ITS USES, CARE AND TREATMENT FOR BOILER FEED 298
ENRIQUE E. MOLINET 298
Bibliography 305
PART II: REFINING OF RAW CANE SUGAR 306
CHAPTER 19. RAW SUGAR 308
Types of Refinery 308
Quality of Raw Sugar 309
Plantation White Sugar 310
Purchasing of Raw Sugar 310
Talodura Process 312
Characteristics of Raw Sugar 313
Evaluation of Raw Sugar 318
Refinery Control 321
Methods of Refining 321
Water in the Refinery 324
References 324
CHAPTER 20. AFFINATION AND MELTING 326
Coloring Matter Inside Crystals 326
Mingling 327
Affination Greens 329
Automechanization of the Affination Station 332
Washing Raw Sugar in a Centrifugal 335
Color Removal in Affination 337
Melting 337
Relative Production of Refined Sugar from Raw Sugar 339
Screening of Melt 339
References 339
CHAPTER 21. CLARIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF REFINERY MELT 340
Clarification by Phosphoric Acid—Lime Treatment and Prefiltration 340
Decolorization by Phosphate—Lime Treatment in Continuous-flotation Clarifiers 341
Continuous Clarifiers 341
Scum 346
Prefiltration 348
APPENDIX I: Carbonatation of High-density Washed Sugar Liquors 349
Summary 349
Introduction 349
Fundamentals of the Process 349
Plant Used for Continuous Carbonatation 350
Gas Washing 356
Instrumentation 357
Filtration 357
Conclusions 358
APPENDIX II: Carbon Dioxide Compressors 359
References 361
CHAPTER 22. THE TALOFLOC/TALOFLOTE PROCESS FOR SIMULTANEOUS DECOLORIZATION AND CLARIFICATION OF REFINERY LIQUORS 362
Introduction 362
The Talofloc/Taloflote System 363
References 369
CHAPTER 23. DECOLORIZATION OF REFINERY LIQUORS USING GRANULAR ADSORBENTS AND OTHER DECOLORIZING AGENTS 370
General Considerations 370
Columns 371
Powdered Activated Carbon 379
Granular Carbon 382
Ion-exchangers 383
References 385
CHAPTER 24. FILTRATION 386
Types of Filter 386
Selection of Filter 390
Other Types of Filter 398
Filter-aid 404
Filtration Cycle 408
Sweetening-off 410
Sluicing 410
Filtration of Scums from Clarifiers and Sluiced Cake 411
Summary 411
Check Filters 412
References 414
CHAPTER 25. EVAPORATION IN REFINERY AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF REFINERY DECOLORIZED LIQUORS 416
Advantages of Pre-evaporation 416
Evaporation of Sweet-water 416
Double-effect Evaporators 417
Triple-effect Evaporators 420
In-boiling System 422
Back-boiling System 422
Growth of Sugar Crystal 423
Boiling Procedure 424
Steaming Vacuum Pan 430
Steam Requirement 430
APPENDIX: 431
Calculation for Double-effect Evaporator 431
Calculation for Double-effect Evaporator using the Metric System 432
References 433
CHAPTER 26. DRYING, COOLING, CONDITIONING AND BULK HANDLING OF REFINED SUGAR 434
Drying and Cooling 434
Conditioning and Handling 446
Density of Sugar 453
References 453
CHAPTER 27. REMELT 454
Recovery Methods 454
Available Sugar 455
Refining out of Crop 455
Recovery House in Refinery 455
Preparation of Sugar Magma 456
Double Einwurf System 456
Centrifugals in Recovery House 457
Final Molasses in Refinery 458
Heavy Boiling in Remelt House 459
Filtration in Recovery House 459
Cooling, Reheating and Purging 459
Double Affination of Remelt Sugar 459
References 459
CHAPTER 28. TYPES OF REFINED SUGAR 460
Tablet and Cube Sugar 460
Loaf Sugar 465
Pilé Sugar 467
Amorfo Sugar 468
Areado Sugar 469
Powdered Sugar 470
Baker's Special Sugar 470
Bottler's Sugar 470
Superfine Sugar 470
Soft Sugar 471
Instant Sugar 472
Agglomerated Sugar 474
Turbinado Sugar 474
Sulf itation Sugar 474
Liquid Sugar 474
References 481
CHAPTER 29. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF REFINERY WASTE-WATER 482
Full-scale Plant Design 482
Full-scale Plant Operation 485
Conclusions 489
CHAPTER 30. USE OF COMPUTERS IN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY 490
Manufacturers 491
Computer Use in the Sugar Industry 491
Hierarchy of Computer Control 496
Process Instrumentation 499
Linear Regression 499
Data Processing 501
Process Data Storage 502
Multiple Interpolation 502
Communication 503
Improved Instrumentation and Control 503
Computer Graphics 503
Conclusion 506
Manufacturers 506
APPENDIX I: Glossary of Computer Terms 507
APPENDIX II: Economic Sweet-water Disposal Point 522
APPENDIX III: Sucrose Table and Other Formulas for Use with Programmable Calculators 527
Bibliography 530
APPENDIX I: 
532 
APPENDIX II: Tables and Conversions 536
APPENDIX III: Glossary 578
Bibliography for Methods of Analysis, Formulas and Calculations 535
Index 588