Rheology for Chemists (eBook)

Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 Definitions; 1.1.1 Stress and Strain; 1.1.2 Rate of Strain and Flow; 1.2 Simple Constitutive Equations; 1.2.1 Linear and Non-linear Behaviour; 1.2.2 Using Constitutive Equations; 1.3 Dimensionless Groups; 1.3.1 The Deborah Number; 1.3.2 The PÚclet Number; 1.3.3 The Reduced Stress; 1.3.4 The Taylor Number, NTa; 1.3.5 The Reynolds Number, NRe; 1.4 Macromolecular and Colloidal Systems; 1.5 References; Chapter 2: Elasticity: High Deborah Number Measurements; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 The Liquid-Solid Transition; 2.2.1 Bulk Elasticity; 2.2.2 Wave Propagation; 2.3 Crystalline Solids At Large Strains; 2.3.1 Lattice Defects; 2.4 Macromolecular Solids; 2.4.1 Polymers - An Introduction; 2.4.2 Chain Conformation; 2.4.3 Polymer Crystallinity; 2.4.4 Crosslinked Elastomers; 2.4.5 Self-associating Polymers; 2.4.6 Non-interactive Fillers; 2.4.7 Interactive Fillers; 2.4.8 Summary of Polymeric Systems; 2.5 Colloidal Gels; 2.5.1 Interactions Between Colloidal Particles; 2.5.2 London - van der Waals' Interactions; 2.5.3 Depletion Interactions; 2.5.4 Electrostatic Repulsion; 2.5.5 Steric Repulsion; 2.5.6 Electrosteric Interactions; 2.6 References; Chapter 3: Viscosity: Low Deborah Number Measurements; 3.1 Initial Considerations; 3.2 Viscometric Measurement; 3.2.1 The Cone and Plate; 3.2.2 The Couette or Concentric Cylinder; 3.3 The Molecular Origins on Viscosity; 3.3.1 The Flow of Gases; 3.3.2 The Flow of Liquids; 3.3.3 Density and Phase Changes; 3.3.4 Free Volume Model of Liquid Flow; 3.3.5 Activation energy Models; 3.4 Superfluids; 3.5 Macromolecular Fluids; 3.5.1 Colloidal Dispersions; 3.5.2 Dilute Dispersions of Spheres; 3.5.3 Concentrated Dispersions of Spheres; 3.5.4 Shear Thickening Behaviour in Dense Suspensions; 3.5.5 Charge Stabilised Dispersions; 3.5.6 Dilute Polymer Solutions; 3.5.7 Surfactant Solutions; 3.6 References; Chapter 4: Linear Viscoelasticity I Phenomenological Approach; 4.1 Viscoelasticity; 4.2 Length and Timescales; 4.3 Mechanical Spectroscopy; 4.4 Linear Viscoelasticity; 4.4.1 Mechanical Analogues; 4.4.2 Relaxation Derived as an Analogue to 1 st Order Chemical Kinetics; 4.4.1 Oscillation Response; 4.4.2 Multiple Processes; 4.4.3 A Spectral Approach To Linear Viscoelastic Theory; 4.5 Linear Viscoelastic Experiments; 4.4.1 Relaxation; 4.4.2 Stress Growth; 4.4.3 Antthixotropic Response; 4.4.4 Creep and Recovery; 4.4.5 Strain Oscillation; 4.4.6 Stress Oscillation; 4.6 Interrelationships Between the Measurements and the Spectra; 4.6.1 The Relationship Between Compliance and Modulus; 4.6.1 Retardation and Relaxation Spectrum; 4.6.2 The Relaxation Function and the Storage and Loss Moduli; 4.6.3 Creep and Relaxation Interrelations; 4.7 Applications to the Models; 4.8 Microstructural Influences on the Kernel; 4.8.1 The Extended Exponential; 4.8.2 Power law or the Gel Equation; 4.8.3 Exact Inversions from the Relaxation or Retardation Spectrum; 4.9 Non-shearing Fields and Extension; 4.10 References; Chapter 5: Linear Viscoelasticity II. Microstructural Approach; 5.1 Intermediate Deborah Numbers; 5.2 Hard Spheres and Atomic Fluids; 5.3 Quasi-hard Spheres; 5.3.1 Quasi-hard Sphere Phase Diagrams; 5.3.2 Quasi-hard Sphere Viscoelasticity and Viscosity; 5.4 Weakly Attractive Systems; 5.5 Charge Repulsion Systems; 5.6 Simple Homopolymer systems; 5.6.1 Phase Behaviour and the Chain Overlap in Good Solvents; 5.6.2 Dilute Solution Polymers; 5.6.3 Undiluted and Concentrated Non-entangled Polymers; 5.6.4 Entanglement coupling; 5.6.5 Reptation and Linear Viscoelasticity; 5.7 Polymer Network Structure; 5.7.1 The Formation of Gels; 5.7.2 Chemical Networks; 5.7.3 Physical Networks; 5.8 References; Chapter 6: Non-Linear Responses; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 The Phenomenological Approach; 6.2.1 Flow Curve4s; Definitions and Equations; 6.2.2 Time Dependence in Flow and The Boltzmann Superposition Principle; 6.2.3 Yield Stress Sedimentation and Linearity; 6.3 The Microstructural Approach - Particles; 6.2.1 Flow in Hard Sphere Systems; 6.2.2 The Addition of a Surface Layer; 6.2.3 Aggregation and Dispersion in Shear; 6.2.4 Weakly Flocculated Dispersions; 6.2.5 Strongly Aggregated and Coagulated Systems; 6.2.6 Long Range Repulsive Systems; 6.2.7 Rod-like Particles; 6.4 The Microstructural Approach - Polymers; 6.4.1 The Role of Entanglements in Non-linear Viscoelasticity; 6.4.2 Entanglements of Solution Homopolymers; 6.4.3 The Reptation Approach; 6.5 Novel Applications; 6.5.1 Extension and Complex Flows; 6.5.2 Uniaxial Compression Modulus; 6.5.3 Deformable Particles; 6.5 References; Subject Index;