Stimuli-Responsive Dewetting/Wetting Smart Surfaces and Interfaces (eBook)

Atsushi Hozumi is a group leader of Advanced Surface and Interface Chemistry Group, Structural Materials Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya, Japan. He received a PhD in Material Processing Engineering at Nagoya University, Japan, in 1997. He then joined National Industrial Research Institute of Nagoya (NIRIN), Ministry of Trade and Industry, Japan in 1999 (reorganized as AIST in 2001). He also spent 2007 as a visiting scholar at University of Bristol, England (Prof. Stephen Mann’s group) and as a visiting professor of University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA (Prof. Thomas J. McCarthy’s group). His research interests are wettability/dewettability, biomimetic materials, micro/nanofabrication and self-assembled monolayers, and their practical applications. He currently serves on the editorial boards of the Materials Letters, Elsevier.  Lei Jiang received his B.S. degree in solid state physics (1987), and M.S. degree in physical chemistry (1990) from Jilin University in China. From 1992 to 1994, he studied in the University of Tokyo in Japan as a China-Japan joint course Ph.D. student and received his Ph.D. degree from Jilin University of China with Prof. Tiejin Li. Then, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow in Prof. Akira Fujishima’s group in the University of Tokyo. In 1996, he worked as researcher in Kanagawa Academy of Sciences and Technology, Prof. Hashimoto’s project. In 1999, he joined Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). In 2015, he moved to the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS. Since 2008, he also served as the dean of School of Chemistry and Environment in Beihang University. He was elected as members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and The World Academy of Sciences in 2009 and 2012. In 2016, he also elected as a foreign member of the US National Academy of Engineering. He has been recognized for his accomplishments with Humboldt Research Award (Germany, 2017), Nikkei Asia Prize (Japan, 2016), MRS Mid-Career Researcher Award (USA, 2014), National Natural Science Award (China, 2005), and many other honors and awards. He has published over 500 papers including 3 papers in Nature, 1 paper in Science, 1 paper in Nature Nanotechnology, 1paper in Nature Reviews Materials, 1 paper in Nature Materials, 6 papers in Natural Communication, 5 papers in Science Advance, 3 papers in Chem. Rev., 7 papers in Chem. Soc. Rev., 6 papers in Acc. Chem. Res., 46 papers in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 31 papers in J. Am. Chem. Soc., and 128 papers in Adv. Mater., the works have been cited more than 56000 times with an H index of 117.Professor Haeshin Lee studied at KAIST where he received his B.S. degree in Biological Sciences between in 1996. He received his Ph.D. degree at Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University in 2007. He started his professional carrier from 2009 at Department of Chemistry, KAIST. He is a currently director of Center for Nature-inspired Technology (CNiT) at KAIST. Haeshin Lee invented the first material-independent surface chemistry named ‘polydopamine’ in 2007, and this study has been one of the most cited paper in surface chemistry. He is the founding member of Korea Academy of Science Young Scholars and is an Associate Editor in Biomaterials Science (RSC).After graduating from Kyushu University in 1980, Masatsugu Shimomura engaged in the field of biomimetic chemistry as an assistant professor of Prof. Toyoki Kunitake’s laboratory. He developed the research of polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett films at Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology as an associate professor from 1985, and moved to Hokkaido University at 1993 for starting a new laboratory of the bottom-up nanotechnology based on self-organization and biomimetics. Self-organized honeycomb-patterned polymer films are newly developed by collaboration with many industrial companies and the RIKEN institute where he held concurrently post of the principle investigator from 1999 to 2007. After moving to Tohoku University at 2007 he organized a national research project on Engineering Neo-Biomimetics, and started an educational program on biomimetics at Chitose Institute of Science and Technology from 2014. He worked with Prof. Helmut Ringsdorf of Mainz University in 1982 and Prof. Erich Sackmann of TU-Munich in 1987, respectively. He is a Professor emeritus of Hokkaido University and Tohoku University.

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Chapter 1: Introduction of Stimuli-Responsive Wetting/Dewetting Smart Surfaces and Interfaces 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 Fundamental Theories of Surface Wetting/Dewetting 15
1.2.1 Flat/Smooth Surface 15
1.2.2 Rough Surface 18
1.3 Preparation Methods of Stimuli-Responsive Smart Surfaces and Interfaces 20
1.4 Typical Stimuli-Responsive Smart Surfaces and Interfaces 24
1.4.1 Mechanical (Stress/Stretch) Response 24
1.4.2 pH Response 25
1.4.3 Temperature Response 28
1.4.4 Light Response 29
1.4.5 Electric Response 31
1.4.6 Magnetic Response 32
1.4.7 Gas Response 34
1.4.8 Solvent Response 35
1.5 Summary 39
References 39
Part I: Stimuli-Responsive Dewetting/Wetting Smart Surfaces and Interfaces 46
Chapter 2: Photo-Responsive Superwetting Surface 47
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 Switchable Wettability on Photo-Responsive Surfaces 48
2.3 Applications of the Photo-Responsive Surface Wettability 51
2.3.1 Photo-Responsive Surface for Droplet Actuation 51
2.3.2 Photo-Responsive Surface for Adhesion Control 53
2.3.3 Photo-Responsive Surface for Liquid Printing 56
2.3.4 Photo-Responsive Surface for Oil-Water Separation 60
2.4 Conclusions and Outlook 60
References 62
Chapter 3: pH Responsive Reversibly Tunable Wetting Surfaces 67
3.1 Introduction 68
3.2 pH Responsive Tunable Wetting Surfaces 70
3.3 Summary 86
References 86
Chapter 4: Thermal-Responsive Superwetting Surface 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Switchable Wettability on Thermal-Responsive Surfaces 92
4.2.1 Polymer-Based Thermal-Responsive Surfaces 92
4.2.1.1 LCST Polymer Surfaces 92
4.2.1.2 Shape Memory Polymer Surfaces 95
4.2.1.3 Other Polymer Surfaces 95
4.2.2 Inorganic-Oxide-Based Thermal-Responsive Surfaces 96
4.3 Superwetting Surfaces at Diverse Temperatures 96
4.3.1 High Temperature 96
4.3.2 Low Temperature 98
4.4 Cooperation of Temperature and Other Stimulus-Responsive Superwetting Surfaces 100
4.4.1 Dual- Responsive Surfaces 101
4.4.2 Multi-Responsive Surfaces 103
4.5 Applications of Thermal-Responsive Superwetting Surfaces 104
4.5.1 Thermal-Driven Movement of a Liquid Droplet 104
4.5.2 Thermal-Driven Switchable Surfaces Adhesion 105
4.5.3 Thermal-Driven Oil-Water Separation 109
4.6 Conclusions and Outlook 110
References 110
Chapter 5: Electric-Responsive Superwetting Surface 117
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Switchable Wettability on Electric-Responsive Surface 118
5.2.1 Irreversible Electrowetting on Rough Surface 119
5.2.2 Reversible Electrowetting on Rough Surface 121
5.2.2.1 Reversible Electrowetting on the Nanostructures in Air 121
5.2.2.2 Reversible Electrowetting in the Liquid/Liquid/Solid 122
5.2.2.3 Reversible Electrowetting of Liquid Marble in Air 123
5.2.2.4 Reversible Electrowetting on the Liquid Infused Film 123
5.3 Applications of Electric-Responsive Superwetting Surface 124
5.3.1 Electric-Responsive Liquid Actuation 124
5.3.2 Electric-Responsive Adhesion Control 126
5.3.3 Electric-Responsive Surface for Optical Devices 126
5.3.4 Electric-Responsive Liquid Separation 129
5.3.5 Photoelectric-Responsive Particles Manipulation 129
5.3.6 Photoelectric-Responsive Patterning 132
5.3.6.1 Self-Assemble Patterning 132
5.3.6.2 Liquid Patterning for Printing 132
5.4 Conclusions and Outlook 135
References 136
Chapter 6: Liquids on Shape-Tunable Wrinkles 142
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Shape-Tunable Wrinkles 144
6.3 Tunability of the Wetting States and Applications 148
6.3.1 Tunable Capillary Phenomena Via Change in Groove Depth 148
6.3.2 Light-Induced Capillary Phenomena on Wrinkles 152
6.3.3 Patterned Liquids as Templates for Au Nano-Ribbons 155
6.3.4 Further Shaping of Liquids Via Transformation of Groove Directions 158
6.3.5 Guided Phase Separation of Polymers on Wrinkle Grooves 160
6.3.6 Unique Boundary Condition for Nematic Liquid Crystal Alignment 162
6.3.7 Unique Boundary Condition for Smectic-A Liquid Crystal Alignment 169
6.4 Summary 171
References 172
Chapter 7: Solvent Response 178
7.1 Introduction 179
7.2 Polymer Brushes 179
7.3 Organic Solvent Response Surfaces 181
7.4 Aqueous Solution Response Surface 183
7.5 Summary 188
References 188
Chapter 8: Magnetic-Responsive Superwetting Surface 192
8.1 Introduction 192
8.2 Switchable Wettability on Magnetic-Responsive Surfaces 193
8.3 Applications of the Magnetic-Responsive Superwetting Surface 195
8.3.1 Magnetic-Responsive Surface Adhesion 195
8.3.2 Magnetic Field Assisted Microstructure Fabrication 198
8.3.3 Magnetic-Responsive Liquid Transport 199
8.3.4 Magnetic-Responsive Liquid Separation 203
8.3.4.1 Magnetic-Responsive Separation Based on Micro/Nanoparticles 203
8.3.4.2 Magnetic-Responsive Separation Based on Sponge 204
8.4 Conclusions and Outlook 208
References 208
Part II: Practical Applications 213
Chapter 9: Stimuli-Responsive Smart Surfaces for  Oil/Water Separation Applications 214
9.1 Introduction 215
9.2 Various Stimuli-Responsive Smart Surfaces for Oil/Water Separation 217
9.2.1 Light Responsive Smart Surfaces 217
9.2.2 pH Responsive Smart Surfaces 221
9.2.3 Temperature Responsive Smart Surfaces 226
9.2.4 Gas Responsive Smart Surfaces 230
9.2.5 Electric and Magnetic Field Responsive Smart Surfaces 231
9.2.6 Dual Stimuli Responsive Smart Surfaces 234
9.2.6.1 Photo-Thermal Dual Responsive Smart Surfaces 235
9.2.6.2 pH and Temperature Responsive Smart Surfaces 235
9.2.6.3 Other Dual/Multiple Responsive Smart Surfaces 238
9.3 Summary 239
References 240
Chapter 10: Anti-(bio)Fouling 245
10.1 Introduction 245
10.2 Liquid-Infusion Anti-fouling System with Charged Polymer Brushes 248
10.2.1 Oil Foulants 248
10.2.2 Asphaltenes 251
10.2.3 Marine Fouling Organisms 254
10.2.3.1 Barnacle Cypris Larvae 255
10.2.3.2 Mussel Larvae 257
10.2.3.3 Marine Bacteria 258
10.3 Conclusion 259
References 260
Chapter 11: Toward Enviromentally Adaptive Anti-icing Coating 264
11.1 Introduction 264
11.1.1 Definition of Icing 267
11.1.2 Evaluation of Anti-icing Property 268
11.2 Anti-icing Coatings 270
11.2.1 Correlation Between Wettability and Icephobic Property of a Solid Surface 271
11.2.2 Superhydrophobic Surfaces 272
11.2.3 Lubricated Coatings 275
11.2.3.1 Anti-icing Property of SLIPS 276
11.2.3.2 Slippery Ferrofluid Surfaces 279
11.2.3.3 Hygroscopic Surfaces 280
11.2.3.4 Swollen Crosslinked Polymers 283
11.2.3.5 Integration of Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Other Approach 284
11.3 Summary 285
References 287
Chapter 12: Stimulus-Responsive Soft Surface/Interface Toward Applications in Adhesion, Sensor and Biomaterial 292
12.1 Introduction 293
12.2 Synthesis of Stimulus-Responsive Soft Surfaces/Interfaces 294
12.2.1 Synthesis Methods 294
12.2.1.1 Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization 295
12.2.1.2 “Grafting from” Approach 300
12.2.1.3 “Grafting to” Approach 304
12.2.1.4 “Grafting Through” Approach 306
12.2.1.5 Adsorption of Polymer Micelle/Microgel 308
12.2.2 Synthesis Methods of Stimulus-Responsive Surfaces/Interfaces 308
12.2.2.1 pH-Responsive Surfaces 308
12.2.2.2 Salt-Responsive Surfaces 315
12.2.2.3 Temperature-Responsive Surfaces 315
12.2.2.4 Photo-Responsive Surfaces 321
12.2.2.5 Electric Field-Responsive Surfaces 323
12.2.2.6 Multi Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces 324
12.3 Characterization of Stimulus-Responsive Surface/Interface 325
12.3.1 Spectroscopic Methods 325
12.3.1.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) 325
12.3.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 326
12.3.1.3 Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy (SFG) 327
12.3.2 Radiation Methods 330
12.3.2.1 Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) 330
12.3.2.2 Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) 333
12.3.2.3 Ellipsometry 335
12.3.2.4 Neutron Reflectometry (NR) 337
12.3.2.5 Light Scattering Methods 342
12.3.2.6 Laser Diffraction 345
12.3.3 Other Methods 347
12.3.3.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 347
Imaging 347
Interaction Force Measurements 350
12.3.3.2 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) 352
12.3.3.3 Contact Angle 355
12.3.3.4 Surface Charge 359
12.4 Application of Stimulus-Responsive Surfaces/Interfaces 362
12.4.1 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs) 362
12.4.2 Controlled Lubrication 366
12.4.3 Sensors and Actuators 369
12.4.3.1 pH Responsive Surfaces 370
12.4.3.2 Thermoresponsive Surfaces 374
12.4.3.3 Photoresponsive Surfaces 377
12.4.3.4 Copolymer Systems 379
12.4.3.5 Lipid Mesophases 379
12.4.4 Drug Delivery 379
12.4.5 Cell Culture 384
12.5 Concluding Remarks 387
References 388
Chapter 13: Liquid Manipulation 403
13.1 Droplet Transfer on High Adhesion Superhydrophobic Surfaces 404
13.2 Droplet Sensing on High Adhesion Superhydrophobic Surfaces 408
13.3 Overwritable Liquid Selective Open Channel 412
13.4 Liquid Transport by Modified Open Channel 416
References 419
Chapter 14: Material-Independent Surface Modification Inspired by Principle of Mussel Adhesion 420
14.1 Introduction 420
14.2 Overview of Mussel Adhesive Proteins 421
14.3 The First Material-Independent Surface Chemistry: Polydopamine Coating 423
14.4 Toxicity of Polydopamine Coating 425
14.5 Polydopamine-Mediated Secondary Surface Derivatization 427
14.6 Polydopamine-Mediated Superhydrophobic Surface Modification and Microfluidics Applications Thereof 429
14.7 Polynorepinephrine-Mediated Surface Functionalization 432
14.8 Catechol-Containing Adhesive Polymers 434
14.9 Conclusion 437
References 437
Chapter 15: Stimuli-Responsive Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine Material 440
15.1 Introduction 440
15.2 Temperature Responsiveness vs Polydopamine 441
15.3 Light-Responsive Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine 448
15.4 Humidity-Sensitive and Responsive Materials 451
15.5 Conclusion 456
References 456
Index 458