Polymeric Materials for Clean Water (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Introduction 9
Abstract 9
1.1 Background 9
References and Future Reading 13
2 Mechanisms of Polymer Polymerization 14
Abstract 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Radical Polymerization 15
2.3 Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization 26
2.4 Ionic Polymerization 33
2.5 Stereoregulation in Radical and Ionic Polymerization 42
2.6 Coordination Polymerization 43
2.7 Ring-Opening Polymerization 50
2.8 Multimode Polymerization 54
2.9 Summary and Future Directions 58
References and Further Readings 58
3 Polymer’s Characterization and Properties 66
Abstract 66
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Polymer Characterizations 67
3.2.1 Mass Spectrometry 67
3.2.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) 68
3.2.3 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 69
3.2.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 70
3.2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 72
3.2.6 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 74
3.3 Polymer Properties 76
3.3.1 Physical Properties 76
3.3.2 Chemical Properties 76
3.4 Summary 79
References and Future Readings 79
4 Polymers for Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 83
Abstract 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Polymeric Materials 84
4.3 Polymers in Coagulation–Flocculation 85
4.3.1 Synthetic Polymeric Coagulants 86
4.3.2 Natural Polymeric Coagulants 87
4.4 The Underlying Mechanisms of the Process of CF 88
4.5 A Peep into the Peculiarities of Polymeric Coagulants and the Operational CF Mechanism(S) 92
4.6 Research Gap 94
4.7 Summary 95
References and Future Reading 96
5 Polymer and Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Adsorbents for Water Treatment 99
Abstract 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Polymer Adsorbent for Organic Pollutants 100
5.2.1 Nonpolar Polymer for Hydrophobic Organic Pollutant 101
5.2.2 Polar Polymer for Hydrophilic Organic Pollutant 102
5.2.3 Advanced Polymer Adsorbents 105
5.2.3.1 Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers 105
5.2.3.2 Bifunctional Polymer Adsorbents for Water-Soluble Organic Compounds 108
5.3 Polymer Adsorbents for Inorganic Pollutant 110
5.3.1 Polymers for Cationic Adsorption 111
5.3.1.1 Polymeric Cation Exchanger 111
5.3.1.2 Polymer Chelating Adsorbents 111
5.3.1.3 Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Adsorbents 112
5.3.2 Polymer for Inorganic Anions 115
5.4 Summary 118
References 119
6 Polymer-Based Catalysts for Water Purification: Fundamentals to Applications 126
Abstract 126
6.1 Introduction 126
6.2 Synthetic Methods 127
6.3 Properties 131
6.3.1 Photocatalysts 131
6.3.2 Catalytic Supports 134
6.3.3 Photosensitizers 134
6.4 Applications 136
6.4.1 Dyes 136
6.4.2 Hydrocarbons 139
6.4.3 Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals 142
6.5 Summary 146
References and Future Readings 147
7 Polymers as Water Disinfectants 154
Abstract 154
7.1 Introduction 154
7.2 Antimicrobial Polymers for Controlling Water Microbes 155
7.3 Properties of Chitosan 157
7.4 Chitosan Synthesis 159
7.5 Chitosan in Water Disinfection 161
7.5.1 Chitosan Nanocomposite as Superior Water Disinfectant 163
7.6 Summary 166
References and Future Readings 166
8 Polymers for Membrane Filtration in Water Purification 171
Abstract 171
8.1 Introduction 172
8.2 Polymers Used for Membrane Filtration 173
8.2.1 Polymers for RO 173
8.2.2 Polymers for NF 178
8.2.3 Polymers for UF 179
8.2.4 Polymers for MF 185
8.3 Summary 186
References and Future Readings 187