Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

M. Ehsani is the Robert M. Kennedy Professor or Electrical engineering at Texas A&M University. From 1974 to 1981, he was a research engineer at the Fusion Research Center, University of Texas and with Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, as a Resident Research Associate. Since 1981, he has been at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas where he is now an endowed professor of electrical engineering and Director of the Advanced Vehicle Systems Research Program and the Power Electronics and Motor Drives Laboratory. He is the author of over 400 publications in pulsed-power supplies, high-voltage engineering, power electronics, motor drives, advanced vehicle systems, and sustainable energy engineering. He is the recipient of several Prize Paper Awards from the IEEE-Industry Applications Society, as well as over 100 other international honors and recognitions, including the IEEE Vehicular Society 2001 Avant Garde Award for "Contributions to the theory and design of hybrid electric vehicles." In 2003, he was selected for the IEEE Undergraduate Teaching Award "For outstanding contributions to advanced curriculum development and teaching of power electronics and drives." In 2005, he was elected as the Fellow of Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). He is the co-author of 17 books on power electronics, motor drives and advanced vehicle systems. He has over 30 granted or pending US and EU patents. His current research work is in power electronics, motor drives, hybrid vehicles and their control systems, and sustainable energy engineering. Dr. Ehsani has been a member of IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS) AdCom, past Chairman of PELS Educational Affairs Committee, past Chairman of IEEE-IAS Industrial Power Converter Committee and past chairman of the IEEE Myron Zucker Student-Faculty Grant program. He was the General Chair of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conference for 1990. He is the founder of IEEE Power and Propulsion Conference, the founding chairman of the IEEE VTS Vehicle Power and Propulsion and chairman of Convergence Fellowship Committees. In 2002 he was elected to the Board of Governors of VTS. He has also served on the editorial board of several technical journals and was the associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. He is a Life Fellow of IEEE, a past IEEE Industrial Electronics Society and Vehicular Technology Society Distinguished Speaker, IEEE Industry Applications Society and Power Engineering Society Distinguished Lecturer. He is also a registered professional engineer in the State of Texas.

Yimin Gao received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering (major in development, design, and manufacturing of automotive systems) in 1982, 1986, and 1991, respectively, all from Jilin University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China. From 1982 to 1983, he worked as a vehicle design engineer in DongFeng Motor Company, Shiyan, Hubei, China. He finished a layout design of a 5-ton truck (EQ144) and participated in prototyping and testing. From 1983 to 1986, he was a graduate student in Automotive Engineering College of Jilin University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China. His working field was improvement of vehicle fuel economy by optimal matching of engine and transmission. From 1987 to 1992, he was a Ph.D. student in the Automotive Engineering College of Jilin University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China. During this period, he worked on research and development of legged vehicles, which can potentially operate in harsh environments where mobility is difficult for wheeled vehicles. From 1991 to 1995, he was an associate professor and automotive design engineer in the Automotive Engineering College of Jilin University of Technology. In this period, he taught undergraduate students the course of Automotive Theory and Design several rounds and graduate students the course of Automotive Experiment Technique two rounds. Meanwhile, he also conducted vehicle performance, chassis, and components analysis, and conducted automotive design including chassis design, power train design, suspension design, steering system design, and brake design. He jointed the Advanced Vehicle Systems Research Program at Texas A&M University in 1995 as a research associate. Since then, he has been working in this program on research and development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. His research areas are mainly on the fundamentals, architecture, control, modeling, design of electric and hybrid electric drive trains and major components. He is a member of SAE.

Stefano Longo, after graduating in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, received his MSc in Control Systems from the University of Sheffield, UK, in 2007 and his PhD, also in Control Systems, from the University of Bristol, UK, in 2010. His PhD thesis was awarded the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Control and Automation Prize for significant achievements in the area of control engineering. In 2010, he was appointed to the position of Research Associate at Imperial College London, UK, in the Control and Power Group within the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, where he worked at the intersection of control systems design and hardware implementation. In 2012, he was appointed Lecturer (assistant professor) in Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Systems at Cranfield University, UK, within the Automotive Engineering department (now called the Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre). From 2012 to 2016, he was also an Honorary Research Associate at Imperial College London. In 2017, Dr. Longo was promoted to the position of Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in Automotive Control and Optimization and he has been the Course Director for the MSc in Automotive Mechatronics since 2014. Dr. Longo has published over 70 peer-reviewed research articles and another book titled Optimal and Robust Scheduling for Networked Control Systems (CRC Press 2017). He teaches various postgraduate courses in automotive mechatronics, optimization and control, supervises PhD students, and conducts academic research and consultancy. Dr. Longo is a senior member of the IEEE, an associate editor of the Elsevier Journal on Mechatronics, a technical editor and reviewer for many IEEE and IFAC journals, a chartered engineer and elected executive member of the IET Control & Automation Network, a member of the IFAC technical committee on Mechatronic Systems and Automotive Control, and a fellow of the Higher Education Academy.

Kambiz M Ebrahimi, Ph.D., received his BSc degree in mechanical engineering from Plymouth Polytechnic, UK, his M.Eng degree in systems engineering from UWIST, University of Wales, and his PhD in dynamics and mathematical modeling from Cardiff University, UK. Currently, he is professor of advanced propulsion in the aeronautical and automotive engineering department in Loughborough University, UK. Before joining Loughborough, he worked as a research assistant in the University of Wales working on model-based condition monitoring on a EU project and at the University of Bradford on distributed-lumped modeling and least effort control strategies. Subsequently, he became a lecturer, reader, and professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Bradford, UK. His main research interests are in systems and control theory; multivariable and largescale systems; modeling and characterization of mechatronic systems; energy management and control of hybrid power trains; system monitoring, fault diagnosis and turbomachinery tip-timing; hybrid, electric, L category vehicles. He is the author and co-author of more than 100 articles in national and international journals and conferences. He is a chartered mechanical engineer and member of ASME and SAE and the chair and organizer of Powertrain Modelling and Control Conference since 2012; a member of Editorial Board, International Journal of Powertrains, since 2012; and the Organizer of Meeting the Challenges in Powertrain Testing, in 2009. He is also a member of the Editorial Board for the Journal of Multibody Dynamics, Part K, Proceeding of IMechE, as well as the Co-Editor of: Application of Multi-Variable System Techniques, Professional Engineering Publishing, 1998. Co-Editor of: Multi Body Dynamics, Professional Engineering Publishing, 2000. He is actively involved in research collaboration with industry through contacts such as with AVL, Ford Motor Company, Cummins Turbocharger Technologies, Jaguar, and Land Rover.

1. Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation


1.1 Air Pollution


1.2 Global Warming


1.3 Petroleum Resources


1.4 Induced Costs


1.5 Importance of Different Transportation Development Strategies to Future Oil Supply


1.6 History of EVs


1.7 History of HEVs


1.8 History of Fuel Cell Vehicles


References





2. Fundamentals of Vehicle Propulsion and Brake


2.1 General Description of Vehicle Movement


2.2 Vehicle Resistance


2.3 Dynamic Equation


2.4 Tire-Ground Adhesion and Maximum Tractive Effort


2.5 Power Train Tractive Effort and Vehicle Speed


2.6 Vehicle Performance


2.7 Operating Fuel Economy


2.8 Brake Performance


References





3. Internal Combustion Engines


3.1 Spark Ignition (SI) Engine


3.2 Compression Ignition (CI) Engine


3.3 Alternative Fuels and Alternative Fuel Engines


References





4. Vehicle Transmission


4.1 Power Plant Characteristics


4.2 Transmission Characteristics


4.3 Manual Gear Transmission (MT)


4.4 Automatic Transmission


4.5 Continuously Variable Transmission


4.6 Infinitely Variable Transmissions (IVT)


4.7 Dedicated Hybrid Transmission (DHT)


References





5. Hybrid Electric Vehicles


5.1 Concept of Hybrid Electric Drivetrains


5.2 Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drivetrains


References





6. Electric Propulsion Systems


6.1 DC Motor Drives


6.2 Induction Motor Drives


6.3 Permanent Magnetic BLDC Motor Drives


6.4 SRM Drives


References





7. Design Principle of Series (Electrical Coupling) Hybrid Electric Drivetrain


7.1 Operation Patterns


7.2 Control Strategies


7.3 Design Principles of a Series (Electrical Coupling) Hybrid Drivetrain


7.4 Design Example


References





8. Parallel (Mechanically Coupled) Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design


8.1 Drivetrain Configuration and Design Objectives


8.2 Control Strategies


8.3 Parametric Design of a Drivetrain


8.4 Simulations


References





9. Design and Control Methodology of Series-Parallel (Torque and Speed Coupling) Hybrid Drivetrain


9.1 Drivetrain Configuration


9.2 Drivetrain Control Methodology


9.3 Drivetrain Parameters Design


9.4 Simulation of an Example Vehicle


References





10. Design and Control Principles of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles


10.1 Statistics of Daily Driving Distance


10.2 Energy Management Strategy


10.3 Energy Storage Design


References





11. Mild Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design


11.1 Energy Consumed in Braking and Transmission


11.2 Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drivetrain


11.3 Series-Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drivetrain


References





12. Peaking Power Sources and Energy Storages


12.1 Electrochemical Batteries


12.2 Ultracapacitors


12.3 Ultra-High-Speed Flywheels


12.4 Hybridization of Energy Storages


References





13. Fundamentals of Regenerative Braking


13.1 Braking Energy Consumed in Urban Driving


13.2 Braking Energy versus Vehicle Speed


13.3 Braking Energy versus Braking Power


13.4 Braking Power versus Vehicle Speed


13.5 Braking Energy versus Vehicle Deceleration Rate


13.6 Braking Energy on Front and Rear Axles


13.7 Brake System of EV, HEV, and FCV


References





14. Fuel Cells


14.1 Operating Principles of Fuel Cells


14.2 Electrode Potential and Current-Voltage Curve


14.3 Fuel and Oxidant Consumption


14.4 Fuel Cell System Characteristics


14.5 Fuel Cell Technologies


14.6 Fuel Supply


14.7 Non-Hydrogen Fuel Cells


References





15. Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design


15.1 Configuration


15.2 Control Strategy


15.3 Parametric Design


15.4 Design Example


References





16. Design of Series Hybrid Drivetrain for Off-Road Vehicles


16.1 Motion Resistance


16.2 Tracked Series Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain Architecture


16.3 Parametric Design of the Drivetrain


16.4 Engine/Generator Power Design


16.5 Power and Energy Design of Energy Storage


References





17. Design of Full-Size Engine HEV with Optimal Hybridization Ratio


17.1 Design Philosophy of Full-Size Engine HEV


17.2 Optimal Hybridization Ratio


17.3 10-25 kW Electrical Drive Packages


17.4 Comparison with Commercially Available Passenger Cars


References





18. Power Train Optimization


18.1 Power Train Modeling Techniques


18.2 Defining Performance Criteria


18.3 Power Train Simulation Methods


18.4 Modular Power Train Structure


18.5 Optimization Problem


18.6 Case Studies: Optimization of Power Train Topology and Component Sizing


References





19. A User Guide for the Multiobjective Optimization Toolbox


19.1 About the Software


19.2 Software Structure


19.3 Capabilities and Limitations of the Software





Appendix: Technical Overview of Toyota Prius





Index