Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications (eBook)

Dr. Jaume Anguera is a Professor in the department of Electronics and Telecommunication at Universitat Ramon LLull. He is also an R&D Manager at Fractus, Barcelona, Spain. Dr. Anguera is directing projects in the area of multi-frequency and miniature monopoles; dual-frequency dual-polarized microcell antennas; monoband dual-polarized microstrip patch array; dual-band dual-polarized microstrip patch arrays; network feeding architectures for GSM-UMTS arrays; broadband matching networks; high cross-polarization techniques, array pattern synthesis with genetic algorithms, handset antennas, automotion antennas and antennas for military applications among others. He got the degrees of Technical Engineer (Electronic Systems) and Electronic Engineer from Ramon Llull University, Barcelona and degree of Telecommunication Engineer and Ph.D. (Doctor Ing.) from Polytechnic University of Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona. His research interests are Miniature, wideband, multiband, and high directivity printed antennas and arrays; Fractal-shaped antennas Genetic Algorithms; Handset antennas: internal and external multiband antennas; Base station antennas: multi-band cross-polarized antennas; Low cross-polarization and high-isolation techniques for BTS antennas; automotive antennas: integration of antennas; Short Range Wireless and UWB antennas; and Educational methods for electromagnetics. He has got over 50 publications in journals and 100 papers in conference proceedings. Dr. Suresh Chandra Satapathy is currently working as Professor and Head, Department of Computer Science and Engineering at PVP Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India. He obtained his Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from JNTU Hyderabad and M.Tech. in CSE from NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India. He has 26 years of teaching experience. His research interests are data mining, machine intelligence and swarm intelligence. He has acted as program chair of many international conferences and edited 6 volumes of proceedings from Springer LNCS and AISC series. He is currently guiding 8 Ph.D. scholars. Dr. Satapathy is also a Senior Member of IEEE. Prof. Vikrant Bhateja is Associate Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Group of Professional Colleges (SRMGPC), Lucknow and also the Head (Academics & Quality Control) in the same college. His areas of research include digital image and video processing, computer vision, medical imaging, machine learning, pattern analysis and recognition, neural networks, soft computing and bio-inspired computing techniques. He has over 90 quality publications in various international journals and conference proceedings. Prof. Bhateja has been on TPC and chaired various sessions from the above domain in international conferences of IEEE and Springer. He has been the track chair and served in the core-technical/editorial teams for international conferences: FICTA 2014, CSI 2014 and INDIA 2015 under Springer-ASIC Series and INDIACom-2015, ICACCI-2015 under IEEE. He is associate editor in International Journal of Convergence Computing (IJConvC) and also serving in the editorial board of International Journal of Image Mining (IJIM) under Inderscience Publishers. At present, he is a guest editor for two special issues floated in International Journal of Rough Sets and Data Analysis (IJRSDA) and International Journal of System Dynamics Applications (IJSDA) under IGI Global publications. Dr. K.V.N. Sunitha completed her B.Tech ECE from Nagarjuna University, M.Tech Computer Science from REC Warangal. She is awarded Ph.D. from JNTU, Hyderabad in 2006. She has 24 years of teaching experience. She has been working as Founder Principal, BVRIT Hyderabad College of Engineering for Women, Nizampet, Hyderabad since August 2012.  She received “Academic Excellence Award” by  G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology & Science on 18th September 2005,  “Best computer Science engineering Teacher award for the year 2007”  by Indian Society for Technical Education ISTE on 23rd Feb 2008, "Best Faculty" award in Academic Brilliance Awards-2013 by Indian Education Expo on April 2013 @ New Delhi, "Distinguished Scientist Award in NLP" by Venus International on 3rd December 2016, "Distinguished Principal Award" by CSI Mumbai on 15th  January 2017 @ IIT Bombay. She has been recognized & invited by AICTE as NBA Expert Evaluator. Her autobiography was included in “Marquis Who’s Who in the World”, 28th edition 2011. She has authored four textbooks published by NOVA publishers, USA. Her areas of research include Natural Language Processing, Speech Processing, Network & Web Security. She has guided six Ph.D. students and currently guiding 8 research scholars. She received a research grant from CSI for her R&D project in March 2011 for one year & also received 38.5 lakhs of funding for DST TIDE project. She has published over 125 papers in International & National Journals and conferences. She is a reviewer for many national and International Journals. She is a fellow of Institute of Engineers, Sr. member for IEEE & International association CSIT, and life member of many technical associations like CSI and ACM. 

Preface 6
Organizing Committee 8
Chief Patrons 8
Patrons 8
Program Coordinator 8
Special Session Chairs 8
Conveners 8
Co-Conveners 9
Proceedings Committee 9
Technical Program Committee 9
Organizing Committee 9
Publicity Committee 9
Finance Committee 10
Hospitality Committee 10
Transportation Committee 10
International And National Advisory Committee 11
Panel of Reviewers 11
Contents 13
About the Editors 22
1 A DCT-CS Watermarking Method for Monochrome and Color Image 24
Abstract 24
1 Introduction 24
2 Compressive Sampling 25
2.1 OMP (Orthogonal Matching Pursuit) 26
3 Proposed Method 26
3.1 Watermark Embedding 26
3.2 Watermark Extraction 28
4 Performance Measures and Results 28
5 Conclusion 31
References 31
2 Intelligent Counter System for Generating Attendance 33
Abstract 33
1 Introduction 34
2 Related Works 34
3 Proposed System Overview 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Transmitter 36
3.3 Receiver 36
4 Proposed System Execution 37
4.1 Interfacing RFID with Arduino 38
4.2 Interfacing Biometric with Arduino 39
4.3 Integrating RFID and Biometric 40
4.4 Transmission of Data 42
4.5 Display of the Database 42
5 Conclusion and Future Work 43
References 43
3 High-Throughput VLSI Architectures for CRC-16 Computation in VLSI Signal Processing 45
Abstract 45
1 Introduction 46
2 Analysis of Serial Architectures of CRC-16 47
2.1 CRC-16 Serial Architecture 47
3 Analysis of CRC-16 Parallel Architectures 47
3.1 CRC-16 Single-Level Parallel Architecture After Proposed Formulation 47
3.2 CRC-16 Two-Level Parallel Architecture After Proposed Formulation 48
3.3 CRC-16 Three-Level Parallel Architecture After Proposed Formulation 50
4 Simulation Results and Discussions 51
4.1 CRC-16 Serial Architecture 52
4.2 CRC-16 Single-Level Architecture After Proposed Formulation 52
4.3 CRC-16 Two-Level Architecture After Proposed Formulation 52
4.4 CRC-16 Three-Level Architecture After Proposed Formulation 53
5 Conclusion 54
References 54
4 Etch Time Optimization in Bulk Silicon MEMS Devices Using a Novel Compensation Structure 55
Abstract 55
1 Introduction 55
2 An Overview of Undercut Structures 56
3 Analysis of Corner Undercutting 57
4 Typical Corner Compensation Structures 59
5 Results and Discussions 59
6 Conclusions 61
References 61
5 Eye Monitoring Based Motion Controlled Wheelchair for Quadriplegics 63
Abstract 63
1 Introduction 63
2 Literature Survey 64
3 Block Diagram 64
4 Methodology 65
4.1 Viola–Jones Algorithm 65
4.2 Morphological Operations 66
4.3 Direction Estimation and Control 68
5 Results 70
6 Conclusion 70
References 71
6 Design and Analysis of Spherical Inverted-F Antenna Cavity Model 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction 72
2 Simulated Model of SIFA 73
3 SIFA Cavity Model 74
3.1 Boundary Conditions for SIFA Cavity 74
3.2 Custom Curvilinear Coordinate System 74
3.3 Fields for Cavity Model 77
3.4 Slot Radiation 78
3.5 Probe Model and the Effective Loss 78
3.6 Input Impedance 79
4 Results 80
5 Conclusion 82
References 82
7 Performance of Ternary Sequences Using Adaptive Filter 84
Abstract 84
1 Introduction 84
2 Sequence Generation 85
3 Adaptive Filtering Technique 87
3.1 LMS Algorithm 87
3.2 MSE Behavior 88
4 Simulation Results 89
5 Conclusion 93
Acknowledgements 93
References 93
8 Effects of Square- and Rectangular-Shaped Slots Kept Over the Microstrip Antenna 95
Abstract 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Basic Microstrip Design 96
3 Slot-Loaded Microstrip 98
4 Dual-Band Behavior with Rectangular Slot 101
5 Conclusion 104
References 106
9 Quality Monitoring of Water Through Electromagnetic Sensor 107
Abstract 107
1 Introduction 107
2 Modelling and Simulation of Sensor 108
3 Conclusion and Future work 112
10 Design and Implementation of Low-Power Memory-Less Crosstalk Avoidance Codes Using Bit-Stuffing Algorithms 114
Abstract 114
1 Introduction 115
2 Channels for FTP 115
3 Sequential Bit-Stuffing Algorithms 116
4 Parallel Bit-Stuffing Algorithms 117
5 Implementation and Simulation Results 118
6 Conclusion 122
180-nm 20 ps Resolution 0.29 LSB Single-Shot Precision Vernier Delay Line Based Time-to-Digital Converter 124
1 Introduction 124
2 TDC Architecture Description 125
3 Modified True Single-Phase Clock-Based D Flip-Flop 127
4 Delay Lines 129
5 Performance Analysis 129
6 Conclusion 133
References 133
12 Low-Cost Portable Gas Pollutants Detection System for People with Olfactory Impairment 135
Abstract 135
1 Introduction 135
2 Proposed Gas Pollutants Detection System 137
2.1 Sensors Array 138
3 Hardware Implementation 139
3.1 Flow Chart 140
4 Results 141
5 Conclusions 142
Acknowledgements 143
References 143
13 Seismic Signal Processing by Using Root-MUSIC Algorithm 144
Abstract 144
1 Introduction 144
2 Frequency Estimation 145
3 Root-MUSIC Algorithm 145
4 Mathematical Modeling 147
5 Simulation and Results 149
6 Conclusion 153
References 153
14 Low-Power and Area-Efficient FIR Filter Implementation Using CSLA with BEC 154
Abstract 154
1 Introduction 154
2 Basic Structure of BEC Logic 155
3 Area Estimation of CSLA Using BEC 156
4 Results and Discussion 158
5 Conclusion 159
Acknowledgements 159
References 159
15 Design and FPGA Implementation of TPFT-Based Channelization for SDR Applications 160
Abstract 160
1 Introduction 160
1.1 Software-Defined Radio (SDR) 161
1.2 Channelization 162
1.3 Overview of Existing Channelization Techniques 162
2 Tuneable Pipelined Frequency Transform (TPFT)-Based Channelization 163
3 Simulation Results 164
4 Conclusions 167
References 168
16 Frequency Estimation Using Minimum Norm Algorithm on Seismic Data 170
Abstract 170
1 Introduction 170
1.1 Seismology 170
1.2 Seismology in Signal Processing 171
1.3 Minimum Norm Frequency Estimation 172
1.4 Autocorrelation Matrix 172
2 Mathematical Modelling 173
3 Simulation and Results 176
4 Conclusion 179
References 179
17 Processing of Seismic Signal Using Minimum Variance Algorithm 181
Abstract 181
1 Introduction 181
1.1 Seismic Signal Processing 182
1.2 Minimum Variance 182
2 Mathematical Modeling 183
3 Simulation and Results 187
4 Conclusion 192
References 192
18 IoT-Based Patient Health Monitoring System 193
Abstract 193
1 Introduction 193
2 Proposed System 194
3 Components 194
3.1 DS18B20 Temperature Sensor 194
3.2 Heartbeat Sensor 195
3.3 Arduino Uno 195
3.4 ESP8266 Module 195
3.5 LCD Module 195
4 Software Description 197
5 Results 198
6 Conclusion and Future Work 199
References 199
19 A Synoptic Review on Dielectric Resonator Antennas 200
Abstract 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Literature Survey 201
3 Comparison of Characteristics of MSA and DRA 201
4 Types of DRA 202
5 DRAs for Broad Banding 202
5.1 Mono DRA 202
5.2 Multi-DRA 203
6 Resonant Modes of DRA 205
7 Field Excitation Techniques 205
7.1 Coaxial Probe Feed 205
7.2 Microstrip Line Feed 205
7.3 Aperture-Coupled Microstrip Feed 206
7.4 Coplanar Waveguide 207
7.5 Dielectric-Image Guide 207
8 Isolation Improvement Techniques 208
8.1 Decoupling Networks 208
8.2 Parasitic Elements 208
8.3 Defected Ground Structures 208
8.4 Neutralization Lines 209
8.5 Metamaterials 209
9 Applications 209
10 Recent Advancements 210
11 Conclusion 210
References 210
20 DC Electric Field Analysis of Nomex, Kraft Paper, and PPLP Insulation Arrangement in Liquid Nitrogen by Using COMSOL Multiphysics 212
Abstract 212
1 Introduction 212
2 Simulation Model 213
3 Simulation Result of the Ramp Voltage 215
4 Step Voltage Simulation Result 218
5 Conclusion 219
References 220
Power and Area Efficient Opamp for Biomedical Applications Using 20 nm-TFET 221
1 Introduction 221
2 Universal Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (Uni-TFET) 223
2.1 Small-Signal Model 224
3 Proposed Two-Stage Opamp 226
4 Conclusion 227
References 228
22 Design of Ultralow Voltage-Hybrid Full Adder Circuit Using GLBB Scheme for Energy-Efficient Arithmetic Applications 230
Abstract 230
1 Introduction 230
2 Proposed Hybrid Design 232
3 Results and Discussion 233
4 Conclusions 235
References 236
23 Closed-Loop Blood Glucose Control for Type I Diabetes Patients Using PID Controller 237
Abstract 237
1 Introduction 237
2 Insulin—Glucose System Model 239
2.1 Transfer Function 240
3 PID Controller 241
3.1 PID Controller Theory 241
3.2 Simulation 241
4 Result 242
5 Conclusion 243
References 243
24 FPGA-Based Implementation of AES Algorithm Using MIX Column 245
Abstract 245
1 Introduction 245
2 Background Methodology 246
3 Simulation Output 252
4 Conclusion 256
References 256
25 Impact of High Geomagnetic Activity on Global Positioning System Satellite Signal (L-Band) Delay and Klobuchar Algorithm Performance Over Low Latitudinal Region 258
Abstract 258
1 Introduction 258
2 Data Analysis 259
3 Results and Discussion 260
4 Conclusions 263
Acknowledgements 263
References 263
26 Scalable Recursive Convolution Algorithm for the Development of Parallel FIR Filter Architectures 265
Abstract 265
1 Introduction 265
2 Parallel FIR Filter 267
3 Scalable Recursive Convolution Algorithm (SRCA) 268
3.1 Two Parallel SRCA (2PSRCA) 268
3.2 Three Parallel SRCA (3PSRCA) 269
4 Results and Discussions 270
5 Conclusion 272
References 272
27 IoT-Based Green Environment for Smart Cities 273
Abstract 273
1 Introduction 274
1.1 Related Work 274
2 System Architecture 275
2.1 GSM Modem 275
2.2 AT Commands 275
2.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 275
2.4 Ultrasonic Sensor 276
2.5 MQ3 Gas Sensor 276
2.6 Buzzer 276
2.7 WiFi Module 277
2.8 Arduino Pro Mini 277
2.9 RF Module 277
3 Architecture and Software Design of Smart Container 278
3.1 Arduino IDE 278
4 Results 279
5 Conclusion 280
References 281
28 Design of a Robust Estimator for Submarine Tracking in Complex Environments 282
Abstract 282
1 Introduction 283
2 Integration Technique 284
3 Preprocessing Technique 285
4 Robust Estimator Design 285
5 Modeling of the Issue in Mathematical Form 286
5.1 Modeling of Submarine Trajectory 286
5.2 Modeling of Corrupted Bearings 286
5.3 Comparison Metrics 287
5.3.1 RMS Error (M) 287
5.3.2 Missile Firing Time (S) 287
6 Results Obtained from Simulation 287
6.1 Tracking Environment Simulation 287
6.2 Performance of Robust Estimator in Different Target Trajectories 288
6.3 Performance of Robust Estimator for Different Submarine Ranges 289
6.4 Performance of Robust Estimator for Different Sensor Noise Levels 290
7 Conclusions 291
References 291
29 Geometry Scaling Impact on Leakage Currents in FinFET Standard Cells Based on a Logic-Level Leakage Estimation Technique 292
Abstract 292
1 Introduction 292
2 Logic-Level Leakage Estimation Model 293
3 Model Accuracy Verification and Separate Estimation of Major Leakage Components 296
4 Multi-stage Complex Cells 300
5 Conclusion 302
References 302
30 Blind Recognition of Error-Correcting BCH Codes Using GFFT 304
Abstract 304
1 Introduction 304
2 Galois Field Fourier Transform 305
3 Proposed Method 306
3.1 GFFT Calculation on Binary Symmetric Channel 307
3.2 Analytical Expression of the Optimal Threshold 308
4 Simulation Results 309
5 Conclusion 312
References 313
31 Simultaneous Power Quality Disturbances Analysis Using Modified S-Transform and Evolutionary Approach 314
Abstract 314
1 Introduction 315
2 Modified S-Transform 316
3 Time–Frequency Analysis Using Modified S-Transform 317
4 Fuzzy C-Means Clustering 318
5 Differential Evolution (DE) 319
6 Results and Discussion 321
7 Conclusions 322
References 323
32 Efficient Integration of Zoom ADC with Temperature Sensors for System on Chip Applications—A Perspective 324
Abstract 324
1 Introduction 324
1.1 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 325
1.2 Zoom ADC 325
1.3 Architecture Model 326
1.4 Linearity 327
1.5 Noise in Zoom ADC 328
2 Zoom ADC Temperature Sensor 329
2.1 Temperature Sensors 329
2.2 Algorithm 330
3 Results 330
4 Conclusion 331
References 332
33 A Compact Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna for WiMAX Application 333
Abstract 333
1 Introduction 333
2 Antenna Design 334
3 Results 337
4 Conclusion 341
References 341
34 Low-Power Adiabatic Logic––Design and Implementation in 32-Nanometer Multigate Technology 343
Abstract 343
1 Introduction 343
2 FinFET-Based Adiabatic NAND Structure 345
3 Proposed Leakage Reduction Techniques for the Adiabatic Logic 347
4 Proposed Technique 347
5 Simulation Results 349
6 Conclusions 349
References 350
35 Design of Low-Power Binary Content Addressable Memory for Future Nanotechnologies 351
Abstract 351
1 Introduction 351
2 Need for Low Power 352
3 Existing Binary CAM 353
4 Proposed Binary CAM 353
4.1 Leakage Power Control in Proposed Binary CAM 354
5 Simulation Results 354
6 Conclusion 356
References 356
36 Cross Talk Delay Reduction in System on Chip 357
Abstract 357
1 Introduction 357
1.1 Inductive Cross Talk 358
1.2 Electrostatic Cross talk (Capacitive Coupling) 358
1.3 Setup and Hold Violations are Caused by Cross talk in System on Chip Designs 359
1.3.1 Setup Violations 359
1.3.2 Hold Violations 359
1.3.3 Bus Violations 359
2 SOC for Consideration of Cross Talk and Noise Analysis 359
2.1 I2c 361
2.2 I2s 361
2.3 UART  361
2.4 SPI 362
2.5 Bus Bridge 362
2.6 Ethernet 362
3 Methodology 363
3.1 Cross Talk Coupling with STA 363
3.2 Identify Aggressor and Victim 363
3.3 Filter Static Paths and Clock Isolation 364
3.4 Aggressor and Victim Re-route Mechanism 364
3.5 Victim Resizing and Splitting 364
3.6 Bus Shielding 365
4 Result 366
4.1 Cross Talk Violations Comparison in SOC Between Traditional and Proposed Schemes 366
5 Conclusion 367
References 368
37 Design and Simulation of Boost Converter for Correction of Power Factor and THD Reduction 369
Abstract 369
1 Introduction 369
2 Boost Converter 370
2.1 Design of Inductor 370
2.2 Design of Capacitor 371
3 Nonlinear Loads and Power Factor Correction 371
3.1 Power Factor Correction 372
3.2 Hysteresis Current Control Technique 373
4 PID Controller 374
5 Simulations and Results 374
5.1 Simulation Without Boost Converter 374
5.2 Simulation with Boost Converter 374
5.3 Comparison of Results With and Without Control Technique 374
6 Conclusions 376
References 377
38 Design and Simulation of High-Performance 2D Convolution Architecture 378
Abstract 378
1 Introduction 378
2 Proposed Design 379
2.1 Background 379
2.2 Architecture 380
2.3 Design Challenges and Fixes 381
3 Performance Analysis 383
4 Conclusion 386
References 386
39 CRC-Based Hardware Trojan Detection for Improved Hardware Security 388
Abstract 388
1 Introduction 389
1.1 Simple Majority Voting 389
1.2 Weighted Voting 390
1.3 Weighted Voting 390
2 Methodology 390
2.1 Outline of Weighted Voting Algorithm 391
2.2 Modified-Weighted Voting Algorithm 391
2.3 Incorporating CRC in Trojan Detection 392
3 Implementation and Result Analysis 393
4 Conclusion 395
References 395
40 A EHO-Based Clustering and Routing Technique for Lifetime Enhancement of Wireless Sensor Networks 397
Abstract 397
1 Introduction 397
2 Related Work 398
3 Proposed Work 401
4 Results 402
5 Conclusions 404
References 404
841 Joint Multiview Video Plus Depth Coding with Saliency Approach 406
Abstract 406
1 Introduction 407
2 Problem Definition 408
3 Proposed Approach 408
3.1 Depth Map 409
3.2 Saliency Approach 410
3.3 Feature Extraction 410
4 Methodology 410
5 Result Analysis 411
6 Conclusion and Future Work 413
References 414
42 Two-Stage Enhancement of Dry Fingerprint Images Using Intensity Channel Division and Estimation of Local Ridge Orientation and Frequency 415
Abstract 415
1 Introduction 415
2 Fingerprint Enhancement 417
2.1 Intensity Channel Division 417
2.2 Estimation of Local Ridge Orientations and Frequencies 419
3 Minutiae Extraction 422
4 Evaluation of Enhancement Process Using Goodness Index 422
5 Simulation Results 423
6 Conclusion 425
References 425
43 Virtual Instrumentation-Based Malicious Circuit Detection Using Weighted Average Voting 427
Abstract 427
1 Introduction 428
2 Proposed Detection Technique 429
2.1 History-Based Average-Weighted Voting Algorithm 429
2.2 Flow of Algorithm 431
2.3 Pseudocode 432
3 Results 432
4 Conclusion 435
References 435
44 High-Performance Video Retrieval Based on Spatio-Temporal Features 436
Abstract 436
1 Introduction 436
2 The Proposed System 437
2.1 Feature Extraction 438
2.2 Step-by-Step Implementation of CBVR System 439
3 Experimental Results 440
4 Conclusion 442
References 443
45 Performance Comparison of Commercially Available RF Analog and Mixed Signal Simulation Tools Using Benchmark Circuits 445
Abstract 445
1 Introduction 445
2 Basics of Reviewed Simulators 446
2.1 Cadence Spectre 446
2.2 Keysight Advanced Design System (ADS) 447
2.3 Keysight GoldenGate 448
2.4 Analog FastSPICE (AFS) 448
3 Circuits Used for Performance Comparison 448
3.1 Cross-Coupled LC VCO 448
3.2 CMOS Ring Oscillator 451
4 Conclusion 453
References 453
46 DWT-PCA Image Fusion Technique to Improve Segmentation Accuracy in Brain Tumor Analysis 454
Abstract 454
1 Introduction 455
2 Methodology 456
2.1 Image Fusion 456
2.2 Social Group Optimization Assisted Shannon’s Thresholding 457
2.3 Watershed Segmentation 458
2.4 Performance Evaluation 458
3 Result and Discussion 459
4 Conclusion 462
47 Hybridization of PSO and Anisotropic Diffusion in Denoising the Images 464
Abstract 464
1 Introduction 464
2 Anisotropic Diffusion 465
3 Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization 466
3.1 Selection of Parameters for PSO 467
4 Proposed Solution 468
5 Experimental Results 471
6 Conclusion 473
48 Impact of Deep Learning in Image Processing and Computer Vision 475
Abstract 475
1 Introduction 475
2 Representation Learning 476
3 Recent Deep Learning Application Areas 479
3.1 Vehicle Localization from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images 479
3.2 Retinal Image Understanding 480
3.3 Dense Image Captioning for Scene Understanding 480
4 Shifting Trends—Classical Approaches to Deep Learning 482
4.1 Handcrafted Gabor Filters to Learning Feature Representation 482
4.2 K-Means Clustering to K-Means Dictionary Feature Learning 483
5 Conclusions 484
References 484
49 Study of Very Fast Front Surges in Gas Insulated Substation Due to Switching Operation 486
Abstract 486
1 Introduction 486
2 Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (Vfto) in GIS 487
3 Modeling of GIS Components for VFTO Simulations in EMTP Software 487
3.1 GIS Bus Section 488
3.2 Disconnector 489
3.3 Spark in Disconnector 489
3.4 Circuit Breaker 489
4 Simulation Results 489
5 Conclusion 491
References 492
Fuzzy Logic Based Speech Recognition and Gender Classification 494
1 Introduction 495
2 Proposed Fuzzy Model 496
3 Generation of Fuzzy Rules 497
4 Calculation of Output 497
5 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interface System (ANFIS) 499
6 Conclusion 501
References 501
51 Slot Positioning on Microstrip Antenna Using Parametric Analysis 503
Abstract 503
1 Introduction 503
2 Basic Microstrip Design 504
3 Positioning the Slots by Using Parametric Analysis 506
3.1 Positioning the First Slot 506
3.2 Positioning the Second Slot 507
3.3 Positioning the Third Slot 508
4 Conclusion 512
References 512
52 Object Removal Using Median Filter in Wavelet Domain 513
Abstract 513
1 Introduction 513
2 Literature Survey 514
3 Median Filter 515
4 Two-Dimensional Wavelet Transform 515
5 Algorithm 517
6 Results and Discussion 517
7 Conclusion 520
References 520
53 An FPGA-Based Classical Implementation of Branch and Remove Algorithm 521
Abstract 521
1 Introduction 521
2 Related Work 522
2.1 Dynamic Node Position Estimation 523
3 Implementation Strategy 524
3.1 Algorithm Description 524
3.2 FPGA Implementation 525
3.3 Algorithm for Dynamic Path Estimation 526
4 Dynamic Node Location Estimation 527
4.1 Node’s Dynamic Location Estimation Through SVM 528
5 Simulation Results 528
5.1 FPGA Simulation Results 528
5.2 Support Vector Machine Simulation Results 529
6 Conclusion 531
References 531
54 A Novel Fractal Stacked Inductor Using Modified Hilbert Space Filling Curve for RFICs 532
Abstract 532
1 Introduction 532
2 Construction of Modified Hilbert Space Filling Curve 533
3 Fractal Stacked Inductor Using Modified Hilbert Curve 534
4 Results and Discussion 535
4.1 Impact of Modified Architecture 535
5 Conclusions 536
References 537
55 An Approach to Parallel Transformation Technique for High-Efficiency Video Coding 538
Abstract 538
1 Introduction 539
2 Proposed Parallel Transformation Model Based HEVC 540
3 Implementation of Proposed Technique 542
4 Results and Discussions 542
5 Conclusions 544
References 545
56 On the Implementation of VLSI Architecture of FM0/Manchester Encoding and Differential Manchester Coding for Short-Range Communications 547
Abstract 547
1 Introduction 547
2 Hardware Architecture for Fm0 and Manchester 548
2.1 SOLS Technique 549
2.2 Area Compact Retiming 550
2.3 Balance Logic Operation Sharing 550
3 Differential Manchester Encoding 551
4 Analysis of Experimental Results 553
5 Conclusion 554
References 554
57 Dual-Band-Notched CPW-Fed Antennas with WiMAX/WLAN Rejection for UWB Communication 555
Abstract 555
1 Introduction 555
2 Antenna Design and Geometry 556
3 Results and Discussion 558
4 Conclusion 562
Acknowledgements 565
References 566
58 A Frequency Reconfigurable Spiral F-Shaped Antenna for Multiple Mobile Applications 567
Abstract 567
1 Introduction 567
2 Antenna Design and Geometry 568
3 Design Analysis 569
4 Results and Discussion 572
5 Conclusion 574
Acknowledgements 575
References 575
59 Octagonal Shaped Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX Applications 577
Abstract 577
1 Introduction 577
2 Antenna Geometry 578
3 Methodology 580
4 Results and Analysis 580
5 Conclusion 583
Acknowledgements 583
60 Cylindrical Structured Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Dielectric Resonator Antenna 585
Abstract 585
1 Introduction 585
2 Antenna Geometry and Design 587
3 Simulated Results and Discussion 588
4 Parametric Analysis 591
5 Conclusion 592
Acknowledgements 592
61 Multiband Semicircular Planar Monopole Antenna with Spiral Artificial Magnetic Conductor 594
Abstract 594
1 Introduction 594
2 Antenna Geometry and Design 596
3 Simulated Results and Discussion 597
4 Effect of Varying the Position of the Shorting Strips on AMC 600
5 Conclusion 601
Acknowledgements 601
62 Implanted Antennas Inside the Human Body: Design, Simulations, and Fabrication 603
Abstract 603
1 Introduction 603
2 Design of the Proposed Antenna 604
3 Simulation, Results, and Discussion 605
4 Conclusion 609
63 Fusion of Wireless Sensor Images Using Improved Harmony Search Algorithm with Perturbation Strategy and Elite Opposition Based Learning 611
Abstract 611
1 Introduction 611
2 Discussion About the Image Fusion Algorithm for WSN 612
3 IHSA with Perturbation Strategy and Elite Opposition Based Learning 613
3.1 Perturbation Strategy 613
3.2 Elite Opposition Based Learning 614
4 Proposed Image Fusion Using Multi-thresholding and IHSPS 614
5 Simulation Results and Analysis 616
5.1 Qualitative Analysis 616
5.2 Quantitative Analysis 617
6 Conclusion 618
References 618
64 A Review of Radio Frequency MEMS Phase Shifters 620
Abstract 620
1 Introduction 620
2 MEMS Phase Shifters 621
3 Phase Shifter Library 623
4 Conclusion 628
65 Impact Analysis of Blackhole, Flooding, and Grayhole Attacks and Security Enhancements in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using SHA3 Algorithm 631
Abstract 631
1 Introduction 631
2 Security Attacks and Related Work 632
3 Proposed Algorithm to Improve Security in MANET 633
4 Simulation and Result Analysis 634
5 Conclusion 638
References 638
66 Energy-Efficient and High-Speed Hybrid 1-Bit Full Adder 640
Abstract 640
1 Introduction 640
2 Details of Adder Structure 641
2.1 Module 1 641
2.2 Module 3 642
3 Check Pattern Setup for Adder Structure 643
4 Execution Analysis of the Adder 644
4.1 Power Consumption 645
4.2 Delay 646
5 Implementation of 32-Bit Adder Structure 646
6 Conclusion 646
References 647
67 A Nonvolatile LUT Based on RRAM 648
Abstract 648
1 Introduction 648
2 Proposed NVLUT Based on RRAM 649
2.1 Single Stage Sense Amplifier Voltage Clamp (SSAVC) 649
2.2 Tree Multiplexer (TMUX) 650
2.3 Matched Reference Path (MRP) 651
2.4 RRAM Slice (Resistive Random Access Memory) 651
2.5 Footer Transistor 652
3 Simulation Results 652
4 Conclusion 654
References 654
68 Micro-strip Feed Reconfigurable Antenna for Wideband Applications 656
Abstract 656
1 Introduction 656
2 Proposed Structure 657
3 Results and Analysis 658
4 Conclusion 661
References 661
69 High Performance and Flexible Data Path Architecture for DSP Applications 663
Abstract 663
1 Introduction 664
2 Flexible Data Path Architecture 665
3 Flexible Computational Unit (FCU) 666
4 Experimental Results 668
5 Conclusion 670
References 671
70 Ultralow Power 8T Subthreshold SRAM Cell 672
Abstract 672
1 Introduction 672
2 Subthreshold 8T SRAM Cell Implementation 673
2.1 Write Operation 674
2.2 Read Operation 674
2.3 Hold Operation 676
3 Monte Carlo Simulation 677
3.1 Write Static Noise Margin (WSNM) 677
3.2 Read Static Noise Margin (RSNM) 678
3.3 Hold Static Noise Margin (HSNM) 678
4 Cell Layout 679
5 Conclusion 680
References 680
71 Double-Supply Voltage Level Shifter with an Auxiliary Circuit for High-Speed Applications 681
Abstract 681
1 Introduction 681
2 Review of the Classical Architectures 682
3 High-Speed Voltage Level Shifter 683
4 High-Speed Voltage Level Shifter with Auxiliary Circuit 684
5 Simulation Results 686
6 Conclusion 687
References 688
72 Design and Analysis of Compatible Embedded Antenna for Mini Satellites 689
Abstract 689
1 Introduction 689
2 Literature Survey 690
3 Designing 691
4 Simulation Results 694
4.1 Simulation Result of Square Patch Antenna (SPA) with Defected Ground 694
4.2 Simulation Result of Half Bow Tie (HBT) Antenna with Defected Ground 694
4.3 Simulation Result of Full Bow Tie (FBT) with Defected Ground 697
5 Conclusion 697
References 697
73 Power Optimized FFT Architecture to Process Twin Data Streams Using Modified Booth Encoding 699
Abstract 699
1 Introduction 699
2 Distinct Levels of Operation of MDC FFT Architecture 700
3 Proposed Architecture RADIX-8 Modified Booth Multiplier 701
3.1 Sign Extension Corrector 702
4 Simulation Results 702
5 Conclusion 705
References 705
74 Design of Thinned Rhombic Fractal Array Antenna Using GA and PSO Optimization Techniques for Space and Advanced Wireless Applications 707
Abstract 707
1 Introduction 707
2 Optimization Techniques for the Thinning of Proposed Fractal Arrays 708
2.1 GA Technique 709
2.2 PSO Technique 710
3 Array Factor Equations of Rhombic Fractal Array Antenna 710
4 Results and Discussion 712
5 Conclusions 714
References 714
75 Design and Analysis of Single Precision Floating Point Multiplication with Vedic Mathematics Using Different Techniques 716
Abstract 716
1 Introduction 716
2 Different Floating Point Multipliers 717
2.1 FP Multiplication Using Existing Multipliers 717
2.2 Summarized Existing Work 718
3 Proposed Work 718
3.1 Floating Multiplication Using Proposed Techniques 719
4 Simulation Results 722
4.1 Multiplexer-Based Floating Point Multiplication Using Vedic Multiplier 722
5 Conclusion 723
Acknowledgements 723
References 724
76 Weighted Averaging SWT Technique for Enhanced Image Fusion in X-ray Mammography 725
Abstract 725
1 Introduction 725
2 Image Fusion Using Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT) 726
2.1 Stationary Wavelet Transforms 726
3 Implementation 727
4 Image Quality Parameters 728
5 Results 729
6 Conclusion 729
References 733
77 The Reconfigurable Multi-ASIP Architecture for Turbo Decoding 734
Abstract 734
1 Introduction 734
2 Reconfigurable UDec Architecture 735
3 Flexible UDec Platform 735
3.1 Ring Buses Dynamic Adaptation Examples 736
3.2 Butterfly NoCs Adaptation 737
4 Experimental Results 738
5 Conclusion 739
References 741
78 Adaptive Beam Steering of Smart Linear Array Using LMS and RLS Algorithms 743
Abstract 743
1 Introduction 743
2 LMS and RLS Algorithms 744
2.1 Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm 744
2.2 Recursive Least Mean Square (RLS) Algorithm 745
3 Results and Discussions 746
3.1 Results Obtained Using LMS Algorithm 746
3.2 Results Obtained Using RLS Algorithm 747
4 Conclusion 750
References 750
79 A Level Cross-Based Nonuniform Sampling for Mobile Applications 751
Abstract 751
1 Introduction 751
2 Literature Survey 752
3 Nonuniform Sampling-Level Cross Sampling 753
3.1 LCSS-Based ADC 753
3.2 Activity Selection Method 755
4 Simulation Results and Discussions 755
5 Conclusion 760
References 761
80 SIW-Based Different Anchor-Shaped Slot Antennas for 60 GHz Applications 762
Abstract 762
1 Introduction 762
2 SIW Design 763
3 Proposed Antenna Structure 764
4 Results and Analysis 765
5 Conclusion 768
References 769
81 Microstrip Feed Dumbbell-Shaped Patch Antenna for Multiband Applications 771
Abstract 771
1 Introduction 771
2 Proposed Antenna Structure 772
3 Results and Analysis 772
4 Conclusion 777
References 778
82 Arc-Shaped Monopole Liquid-Crystal Polymer Antenna for Triple-Band Applications 779
Abstract 779
1 Introduction 779
2 Development of the Proposed Antenna 780
3 Conclusion 787
Acknowledgements 787
References 787
83 Design and Characterization of an ASIC Standard Cell Library Industry–Academia Chip Collaborative Project 789
Abstract 789
1 Introduction 789
2 Standard Cell Library Design Flow 790
3 Specifications of Standard Cell Library 791
3.1 Design Characteristics of Standard Cell 791
3.2 Standard Cell Layout Guide Lines 792
4 Standard Cell Characterization 793
4.1 CMOS Inverter 793
4.2 Layout Representation 794
5 Conclusion 796
References 797
84 Design and Characterization of 6T SRAM Cell Industry-Academia Collaborative Chip Design Project 798
Abstract 798
1 Introduction 798
2 Operation of 6T SRAM Memory Cell 800
2.1 Read Operation 800
2.2 Write Operation 800
3 Characterization of SRAM Cell 801
3.1 Analytical-Based Approach to Determine SNM of a 6T SRAM Cell 801
3.2 Simulation-Based Approach to Determine SNM of an SRAM Cell 802
4 Simulation Plan and Analysis 805
4.1 Technology Parameters and CAD Tools 806
5 Conclusion 806
References 807
85 Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Time–Frequency Analysis and Modulation Recognition 808
Abstract 808
1 Introduction 808
2 Signal Analysis with Modified S-Transform (MST) 810
3 Spectrum Sensing Using Modulation Detection 811
4 Simulation Results and Discussions 813
5 Conclusion 817
References 817
86 Synthesis of Linear Antenna Array Using Cuckoo Search and Accelerated Particle Swarm Algorithms 819
Abstract 819
1 Introduction 819
2 Array Formulation and Fitness Calculation 820
2.1 Linear Array 820
3 Optimization Techniques 821
3.1 Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) 821
3.2 Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization 822
4 Results 823
5 Conclusion 825
References 825
87 A New VLSI Architecture for Skin Tone Detection in an Uncontrolled Background 827
Abstract 827
1 Introduction 828
2 Theory and Algorithm 829
2.1 Color Space for Face Detection 829
2.2 YCrCb Color Model 829
2.3 Nonlinear Transformation and Skin Model 829
3 Implementation 830
3.1 Hardware Architecture of Skin Tone Detector 831
4 Experimental Results 831
5 Conclusion 833
Declaration 833
References 834
88 Efficiently Secure Data Privacy on Hybrid Cloud Using Novel Image Scrambling and Modified SPIHT 835
Abstract 835
1 Introduction 835
2 Proposed Technique 836
2.1 Modifying Image 836
2.2 Random Shuffling of the Blocks 837
2.3 Recovering Images 837
3 SPIHT Algorithm 837
4 Experimental Analysis 838
5 Conclusion 842
References 842
89 Performance Analysis of Reconfigurable Antenna with Notch Band Characteristics 844
Abstract 844
1 Introduction 844
2 Geometry of Proposed Antenna 845
3 Simulation and Operation 846
4 Results and Discussion 847
5 Conclusion 849
References 850
90 Circular Array Synthesis Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm 851
Abstract 851
1 Introduction 851
2 Formulation of the Design Problem 852
2.1 Array Factor Formulation 852
2.2 Fitness Formulation 853
3 Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) 853
4 Results and Discussions 854
4.1 Unscanned Patterns 854
4.2 15° Scanned Patterns 854
5 Conclusion 857
References 858
91 Conformal Antennas—A Short Survey 859
Abstract 859
1 Introduction 859
2 Conformal Antenna Arrays 860
2.1 Conformal Antennas on Singly Curved Surfaces (SCS) 861
2.2 Conformal Antennas on Doubly Curved Surfaces 862
3 Advantages and Disadvantages 863
4 Conformal Microstrip Antenna Array 864
5 Conclusion 865
92 Internet Security—A Brief Review 867
Abstract 867
1 Introduction 867
2 Internet Security 868
3 Issues and Solutions 869
4 Integrated Solution 870
5 Conclusion 871
References 872
93 Antenna Array Synthesis Using Social Group Optimization 873
Abstract 873
1 Introduction 874
2 Array Optimization Problem 875
3 Formulation 876
3.1 Array Factor Formulation 876
3.2 Fitness Function Formulation 877
4 Sociall Group Optimization 878
4.1 Brief Introduction 878
4.2 Implementation of the SGOA for CAA Synthesis 879
5 Results 879
6 Conclusion 882
References 882
94 On the Design of Fractal UWB Wide-Slot Antenna with Notch Band Characteristics 884
Abstract 884
1 Introduction 885
2 Antenna Geometry and Design 885
3 Simulation Results and Discussions 887
4 Conclusion 888
References 888
Author Index 890