Automotive Systems Engineering II (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Part I: Development Process 9
Chapter 1: Design of Ride Comfort Characteristics on Subsystem Level in the Product Development Process 10
1.1 Introduction and Objective Targets 11
1.2 Product Development Process 12
1.2.1 Driving Dynamics 14
1.2.2 Ride Comfort 16
1.3 Models for Simulating Ride Comfort on Subsystem Level 17
1.3.1 Conditions for Concept Parameters on Subsystem Level 18
1.3.2 Concept Parameters on Subsystem Level in Ride Comfort 20
1.4 Integration of a Subsystem Level in the Derivation Process from Full Vehicle to Components 23
1.4.1 Targets of Full Vehicle Development 24
1.4.2 Deriving Properties from Full Vehicle to Subsystem Level 27
1.4.3 Subsystem Level 30
1.4.4 Deriving Properties from Subsystem to Component Level 31
1.4.5 Benefits in the Derivation Process Using a Subsystem Level 33
1.5 Summary and Outlook 33
References 35
Chapter 2: Methods for Change Management in Automotive Release Processes 37
2.1 Introduction and Motivation 37
2.2 Automotive Release Processes and Change Management 38
2.2.1 Introduction to Automotive Release Processes 38
2.2.2 Regulatory Framework for Automotive Release Processes 39
2.2.3 Implementation of Automotive Release Processes 40
2.2.4 Sources of Change 41
2.2.5 Automotive Change Management 41
2.2.6 Summary and Conclusion 42
2.3 Methods for Change Propagation and Retest 43
2.3.1 Change Propagation on Function and Component Level 43
2.3.2 Change Impact Analysis on Software Level 44
2.3.3 Regression Test Selection Techniques 45
2.3.4 Design of Experiments 46
2.3.5 Summary 47
2.4 Evaluation of State-of-the-Art Methods 48
2.4.1 Retest Situations in Release Processes 48
2.4.2 Evaluation Criteria for Test Selection Techniques (TST) 49
2.4.3 Evaluation Results 50
2.5 General Approaches for Test Selection Techniques 52
2.5.1 Inclusion-Based Test Selection 52
2.5.2 Exclusion-Based Test Selection 52
2.5.3 Performance Comparison 54
2.6 Example: Exclusion-Based Test Selection Technique 58
2.7 Summary and Outlook 60
References 61
Part II: Requirement Analysis and Systems Architectures 65
Chapter 3: Increasing Energy-Efficient Driving Using Uncertain Online Data of Local Traffic Management Centers 66
3.1 Motivation 66
3.2 Online Infrastructure Data Sources 67
3.2.1 Prediction of Signal States 67
3.2.2 Delays Due to Traffic Light Signals 68
3.3 Communication Chain and Car Positioning 68
3.4 Real Traffic Investigation 70
3.4.1 Experimental Vehicle 70
3.4.2 Human Interaction 71
3.4.3 Validate the Benefit of Driver Assistance in Simulated Traffic Scenarios 72
3.5 First Results 73
3.6 Conclusions 74
References 75
Chapter 4: Modelling Logical Architecture of Mechatronic Systems and Its Quality Control 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Methodology for the Design of Mechatronic Systems 81
4.3 FOCUS Modelling Approach for Mechatronic Systems 82
4.4 FOCUS Modelling Foundations for Mechatronic Systems 85
4.5 FOCUS Continuous Time Modelling 86
4.6 Simulation of I/O FOCUS Hybrid State Machines 88
4.7 Formal Verification of FOCUS Models 90
4.8 Conclusions 93
References 94
Chapter 5: Functional System Architecture for an Autonomous on-Road Motor Vehicle 96
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 What is a Functional System Architecture? 97
5.3 Aspects of Autonomous Driving 99
5.4 Functional System Architecture 99
5.5 First Findings 102
5.5.1 Different Perspectives of the Relation Between Vehicle and Environment 102
5.5.2 Localization Solutions 105
5.5.3 Prediction of the Dynamic Environment 105
5.5.4 Cooperation, Collaboration and Communication 108
5.5.5 Self-Representation 110
5.6 The Role of Rasmussen´s Human Performance Model 110
5.6.1 Brief Introduction to the Concept of Rasmussen 110
5.6.2 Relevance Referring to the Driving Task 111
5.7 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Within the Functional System Architecture 112
5.7.1 Navigation Systems 113
5.7.2 Adaptive Cruise Control 113
5.7.3 Lane-Keeping and Blind Spot Systems 117
5.7.4 Anti-Lock Braking System and Electronic Stability Control 117
5.8 Summary and Outlook 120
References 121
Part III: Functional Safety and Validation 124
Chapter 6: Towards a System-Wide Functional Safety Concept for Automated Road Vehicles 125
6.1 Road Vehicle Automation 125
6.1.1 Definition of an Automated Road Vehicle 126
6.1.2 Definition of a Safe State 127
6.2 Process to Develop a Functional Safety Concept 130
6.2.1 Product Lifecycle 131
6.2.2 Defining the Scope of an Item 132
6.2.3 Work Products in the Concept Phase 135
6.2.4 Safety in the Concept Phase of an Item 136
6.2.5 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment 141
6.3 Ability Graphs as Part of a Functional Safety Concept 141
6.3.1 Related Work 141
6.3.2 Utilizing Ability Graphs to Improve Safety of Operation 142
6.3.3 Self-Perception 143
6.3.4 Self-Representation 144
6.4 Summary and Outlook 144
References 145
Chapter 7: A Method for an Efficient, Systematic Test Case Generation for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems in Virtual Enviro... 148
7.1 Introduction 148
7.1.1 Motivation 148
7.1.2 Related Work 150
7.2 The Efficient, Systematic Test Method in Virtual Environments 152
7.3 Requirements on an Efficient, Systematic Test Case Generation 155
7.4 Unified Scenario Generation for Efficient Test Cases on the Basis of the 4-Level Model 156
7.4.1 Level 1: Road Network 157
7.4.2 Level 2: Adaption of the Road for Special Situations 159
7.4.3 Level 3: Dynamic Elements 161
7.4.4 Level 4: Environmental Conditions 163
7.4.5 Summary of the 4-Level Model of the Scenario Generation for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems 164
7.5 Systematic Test Case Generation 165
7.5.1 Equivalence Class Generation 165
7.5.2 Boundary Value Analysis 166
7.5.3 Combinatorial Test Case Generation 167
7.5.4 Test Coverage for Combinatorial Test Case Generation 167
7.5.5 Algorithms for Combinatorial Test Case Generation 169
7.6 The Case Study: Constriction Assist 170
7.7 Summary and Outlook 173
References 174
Chapter 8: Validation and Introduction of Automated Driving 177
8.1 The Challenge: Validation of Automated Driving 177
8.2 Safety References 178
8.3 Statistical Proof of Safety 180
8.4 The Knowledge Gap of Automated Driving 181
8.5 Safety Prediction Model 182
8.6 Derived Implementation Strategies 185
8.7 Potential Validation Concepts 186
8.7.1 Reuse of Validated Functions 186
8.7.2 Accelerating the Validation Process 186
8.8 The Challenge of Validity 189
8.8.1 Validity of the Test Catalog 190
8.9 Validity of the Models 191
8.10 Acquiring Field Data 192
8.11 Conclusion 193
References 194