Industrial Applications of Renewable Biomass Products (eBook)

1. Prof. Dr. Silvia Goyanes: After getting her PhD in Physics at the University of  Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina, she had a postdoctoral stay at the University of the Basque Country, Spain, under the supervision of Professor Iñaki Mondragon. Since 2005, Silvia has held the position of Professor of Experimental Physics at the Physics Department of the School of Natural and Exact Sciences – UBA and is also head of the Nanomaterials Group. She is also Senior Researcher of the National Research Council (CONICET) and external advisor for YPF-Technology. She specializes in nanostructures and polymer nanocomposite, focusing on the development of biopolymers and biodegradable packaging materials, especially biopolymer-based nanocomposites, packaging materials and active packaging systems. She has published over 90 international peer-reviewed journal articles, 8 international book chapters and is also the inventor of 7 patents (3 PCT and 2 registered in USA). She was granted with the Ibero-American Award for Innovation and Entrepreneurship from the SEGIB (2010) and with the Special Mention of the L’Oreal-CONICET Award for Women in Science (2012). 2. Prof. Dr. Norma B. D’Accorso: Norma B. D’Accorso got her Ph.D. in Chemistry in the Organic Chemistry Department in School of Exact and Natural Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. She is a Full Professor at the Organic Chemistry Department of the School of Exact and Natural Sciences–UBA. She is also a Senior Researcher of National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) and External Advisor for YPF-Technology. Dr. D’Accorso is in charge of the Bio-organic Materials Group and her field of Interest is Polymers, Carbohydrates, Heterocycles, Nanomaterials and Biomedical Materials. She has published over 111 journal articles, six book chapters and various chapters in chemical education. She has leaded numerous research projects. She has 5 national patents and 2 international ones. Currently she is Vice director of the Research Center of Carbohydrates (since 2001).

Preface 5
Contents 7
Synthesis and Applications of Carbohydrate-­Based Polyurethanes 9
1 Introduction 9
2 Classification of Polyurethanes: Thermoplastic or Thermosetting 10
3 Synthesis of Polyurethanes: Formation of the Urethane Linkage 11
4 Combination of Polyurethanes with Oligo- or Polysaccharides 33
4.1 Alginate 34
4.2 Chitin and Chitosan 37
4.3 Heparin 40
4.4 Starch and Cellulose 42
5 Concluding Remarks 44
References 45
Part I: Medical Applications 52
Biodegradable Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering 53
1 Introduction 53
2 Biodegradation of Polymeric Materials 55
2.1 Hydrolytic Biodegradation 55
2.2 Oxidative Biodegradation 58
3 Biodegradable Polymer Used as Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering 61
3.1 Synthetic Polymer for TE 61
3.1.1 Polyesters 61
3.1.2 Polyanhydrides 62
3.1.3 Polymers Including C?C Bond in Main Chain 63
3.2 Natural Polymer for TE 64
3.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 64
3.2.2 Collagen 65
3.3 Silk Fibroin 67
3.4 Chitosan 68
3.5 Alginate 70
3.6 Cellulose 71
3.7 Hyaluronic Acid 72
4 Conclusions 73
References 74
Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure and Applications 81
1 Introduction 81
2 Polysaccharides from Red Seaweeds 82
2.1 Structure 82
2.1.1 Carrageenans 82
2.1.2 Agarans 84
2.1.3 dl-Hybrids 85
2.1.4 Sulfated Mannans and Xylomannans 86
2.2 Industrial Applications 88
2.3 Biological Activities 90
2.3.1 Antiviral Activity 90
2.3.2 Anticoagulant Activity 92
2.3.3 Antitumor Activity and Related Activities 93
2.3.4 Other Biological Activities 93
2.3.5 Toxicity of Carrageenans 93
2.4 Biomedical Applications 94
3 Polysaccharides from Brown Seaweeds 95
3.1 Structure 95
3.1.1 Alginates 95
3.1.2 Fucoidans 96
3.1.3 Industrial Applications 99
3.2 Biological Activities 101
3.2.1 Antiviral Activity 101
3.2.2 Anticoagulant Activity 103
3.2.3 Antitumor Activity and Related Activities 103
3.2.4 Other Biological Activities 104
3.3 Biomedical Applications 105
4 Green Seaweed Polysaccharides 106
4.1 Structure 106
4.2 Biological Activities 108
4.2.1 Antiviral Activity 108
4.2.2 Anticoagulant Activity 108
4.2.3 Antitumor Activity and Related Activities 108
4.2.4 Other Biological Activities 109
4.3 Biomedical Applications 109
5 Conclusions 109
References 110
Innovative Systems from Clickable Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery 123
1 Introduction 123
2 Hydrogels and Click Chemistry 125
3 Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne (CuAAC) Reaction 127
4 Copper-Free Click Chemistry 129
4.1 Strain-Promoted Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (SPAAC) 129
4.2 Radical-Mediated Thiol-ene Chemistry 131
4.3 Diels–Alder Reaction 132
4.4 Michael Addition 135
5 Conclusions (Future Prospects) 136
References 137
Applications of Glycosaminoglycans in the Medical, Veterinary, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmetic Fields 140
1 Introduction 140
2 Recent Advances in the Production of GAGS 143
3 Alzheimer’s Disease 145
4 Antimicrobials and Antivirals 146
5 Cancer 150
6 Inflammation and Immunity 154
7 Skin and Cosmetics 156
8 Tissue Engineering: Cross-Linked GAGS for Biomedical Applications 157
9 Other Applications 158
10 Conclusions 159
References 160
Bacterial Cellulose Nanoribbons: A New Bioengineering Additive for Biomedical and Food Applications 170
1 Introduction 170
2 Bacterial Nanocellulose In Situ Nanocomposites 172
3 Biomedical Applications of Bacterial Nanocellulose 174
4 Bacterial Nanocellulose in Food 176
5 Concluding Remarks 177
References 179
Part II: Oil Industry 182
Biobased Additives in Oilwell Cement 183
1 Introduction 183
2 Additives 186
2.1 Retarders 186
2.2 Fluid Loss Control 186
2.3 Free Water Control 187
2.4 Dispersants 188
2.5 Lost Circulation Materials 188
2.6 Lightweight Additives 189
3 Biobased Additives 189
3.1 Cellulose 189
3.1.1 Cellulose Derivatives 190
3.1.2 Micro- and Nanocellulose Fibers 192
3.2 Lignin 194
3.3 Microbial Polysaccharides 195
3.3.1 Xanthan Gum 196
3.3.2 Welan Gum 196
3.3.3 Diutan Gum 197
3.3.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose 198
4 Conclusions (Outlook and Future Trends) 200
References 200
Polymers from Biomass Widely Spread in the Oil Industry 203
1 Introduction 203
2 Guar Gum and Its Derivatives 204
2.1 History 204
2.2 Structure 205
2.3 Hydraulic Fracturing Applications 206
2.4 Drilling Applications 208
2.5 Guar Properties 209
2.5.1 Hydration 209
2.5.2 Rheology 209
2.5.3 Thermal Stability 210
2.5.4 Chemical Stability 211
3 Xanthan Gum in Enhanced Oil Recovery 213
3.1 Xanthan Gum Origin, Production, and Properties 214
3.2 Industrial Production 215
3.3 Solution Properties 215
3.4 Stability of Xanthan Gum Under Operational Conditions 218
3.4.1 Thermal and Chemical Stability 218
3.4.2 Microbiological Stability 219
3.4.3 Mechanical Stability 219
4 Behavior During Injection and Flow into the Reservoir 220
4.1 Retention 221
4.2 Injectivity and Rheology in Porous Media 222
5 Xanthan vs. HPAM 224
6 Other Biopolymers for Enhanced Recovery: Scleroglucan and Schizophyllan 224
7 Conclusions 225
References 227
Modified Starches Used as Additives in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 230
1 Introduction 230
2 Modified Starch for Oil Field Applications 232
3 Cationic Starches 234
4 Anionic Starches 240
5 Nonionic Starches 242
6 Grafted Starches 245
7 Concluding Remarks 248
References 248
Part III: Other Applications Related to Environmental Care 252
Chitosan: From Organic Pollutants to High-­Value Polymeric Materials 253
1 Introduction 253
2 Chitosan-Based Materials for Biomedical Application 255
2.1 Wound Dressing 255
2.2 Tissue Engineering 255
2.3 Drug Delivery 256
3 Chitosan-Based Materials in Food Industries 257
4 Chitosan-Based Materials for Water Treatment 258
4.1 Critical Analysis of Feasibility of Use of Chitosan-Based Materials for Metal Removal 259
4.2 Chitosan-Based Materials as Adsorbent for Dye Removal 261
5 Conclusion 262
References 263
PLA-Based Nanocomposites Reinforced with CNC for Food Packaging Applications: From Synthesis to Biodegradation 267
1 Introduction 267
2 PLA Industrial Production 270
3 PLA Processing 272
3.1 PLA Plasticization 273
4 PLA Thermal Transitions and Crystallinity 273
4.1 Melting Temperature 274
4.2 Glass Transition Temperature and Thermal History 275
4.3 Crystallization and Crystal Structure 276
5 PLA Thermal Stability and Thermal Degradation 277
6 PLA Mechanical Performance 280
7 PLA Barrier Properties 281
7.1 PLA Surface Wettability and Water Vapor Permeability 282
7.2 PLA Gas Barrier 282
8 PLA Visual Appearance and Optical Properties 283
9 Improving PLA Through the Development of Bionanocomposites 283
9.1 Cellulose Nanocrystal Obtainment, Properties, and Functionalization 284
10 PLA-CNC-Based Nanocomposites for Food Packaging 286
10.1 PLA-CNC Processing 286
10.2 PLA-CNC Bionanocomposite Properties 287
11 PLA-CNC Migration in Food Contact 291
12 PLA-CNC Nanocomposite End-Life Options 293
12.1 PLA-CNC Recycling 293
12.2 PLA-CNC Biodegradation Under Composting Conditions 294
13 Conclusions 295
References 296
Removal of Pollutants Using Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes 303
1 Introduction 303
2 Electrospinning Process 304
3 Biodegradable Polymers for Environmental Applications 307
3.1 Chitosan 307
3.2 Cellulose Acetate (CA) 308
3.3 Poly(lactic Acid) (PLA) 309
3.4 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 310
3.5 Poly(?-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) 311
4 Pollutant Detection 311
5 Particle Filtration 314
6 Oil/Water Separation 317
7 Pollutant Adsorption 320
8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives for Electrospun Nanofibers 322
References 323
Index 327