The On-line Electric Vehicle (eBook)

Nam P. Suh is the author of seven books (by Oxford University Press, McGraw Hill, Prentice Hall) and about 300 papers. He also received about 100 patents. He is the recipient of many awards from scholarly and professional organizations, including the ASME Medal, the General Pierre Nicolau Award, Ho-Am Prize, the Hills Millennium Award, the Mensforth International Gold Medal, and many others. He received nine honorary degrees (CMU, KTH, The Technion, UMass, WPI, UQ of Australia, NLisboa, Babes-Bolyai University, Bilkent University, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. MIT established the Nam Pyo Suh Professorship in Mechanical Engineering at MIT with the major gift donated by Mr. Hock Tan, CEO, Avago, Inc. (2015).Dong-Ho Cho is the author of several book chapters (by CRC, River Publishers Series in Communications, SAE International). He has published more than 444 scientific publications in international journals and conferences. He holds over 597 patents. He received major awards such as Presidential Citation and Red Stripes Order of Service Merit from the Korean government for his contribution in the area of advanced mobile communication and wireless power transfer technology. In addition, for the major contribution to the development of on-line electric vehicle (OLEV) system, he was selected as a pioneer among 100 persons in Korea by the Dong-A daily newspaper in Korea. He also worked as an official adviser at Ministry of Information and Communication from 2003 to 2007. At KAIST, he was a KT chair professor from 2008 to 2013, and the ICC (IT Convergence Campus) vice president of KAIST from 2011 to 2013. He was the president of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (KICS) in 2014.

Acknowledgements 6
Personal Note of Appreciation by Nam P. Suh 9
Contents 13
Contributors 15
Synopsis of Book 16
Synergy of Diverse Ideas Behind OLEV 19
1 Making the Move: From Internal Combustion Engines to Wireless Electric Vehicles 20
Abstract 20
1.1 Introduction 20
1.2 CO2 Emissions and Climate Change 21
1.3 The Problem of the Internal Combustion Engine 23
1.4 The Promise of Electric Vehicles 25
1.5 The Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV) and the Electrification of Ground Transportation Systems 29
1.6 Concluding Remarks 31
References 31
2 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles 33
Abstract 33
2.1 Introduction to OLEV Technology 33
2.2 OLEV Versus Other EV Technologies 42
2.3 OLEVs, Smart Grids, and Renewable Energy Sources 44
2.4 Paving the Way for OLEV 46
References 50
3 Design of Large Engineered Systems 51
Abstract 51
3.1 Large Systems Versus Complex Systems 51
3.2 Complexity and Coupled Designs 55
3.3 An Introduction to Axiomatic Design 59
3.4 System Architecture and the Role of the System Architect 62
3.5 Complexity Theory Based on Axiomatic Design 64
3.6 Functional Periodicity 68
3.7 Conclusions 68
Appendix 1 69
Other Large Technology Systems Created Based on the Design Axioms 69
MuCell 69
Mixalloy 70
References 71
The Technology of OLEV and SMFIR 73
4 Axiomatic Design in the Design of OLEV 74
Abstract 74
4.1 Overall Design Framework of OLEV 75
4.1.1 SMFIR Using a Field Effect 78
4.1.2 Decomposition of FR2 and DP2 (Design of SMFIR) 78
4.1.3 Electric Power Transfer to the Moving OLEV 83
4.1.4 Design of the Power Pickup Unit Mounted on the Vehicle 84
4.1.5 Shielding of Magnetic Radiation 84
4.2 Modeling of SMFIR 85
4.3 Overall Hardware System Design 91
4.3.1 Power Level Control of Invertor 91
4.3.2 Control of Magnetic Field for Minimum Leakage 92
4.3.3 Power Pickup from the Magnetic Field at Vehicle 93
4.4 Overall Software Control System Architecture 94
4.5 Conclusions 95
References 95
5 Magnetic Field Generation 96
Abstract 96
5.1 Introduction 96
5.2 Generation of Alternating Magnetic Field 98
5.2.1 Electromagnetic Field Characteristics in Near- and Far-Field Regions 98
5.2.2 Coupling of the Generated Magnetic Field 100
5.2.3 Topology Selection and Coil Design 100
5.3 Channeling of the Magnetic Field Using Materials with High Permeability 103
5.3.1 Advantage of Using High Permeability Material 103
5.3.2 Magnetic Field Guiding Using Ferrite in OLEV 103
5.4 Selection of the Operating Frequency of the Magnetic Field 104
5.4.1 Criteria of Optimal Operating Frequency 104
5.4.2 Resonance Frequency 105
5.4.3 Q-Factor and Bandwidth 107
5.5 Conductor Design for Large Current Flow to Overcome the Skin Effect 107
5.5.1 Skin Effect 107
5.5.2 Cable for Transmitting Coil and Receiving Coil 109
5.6 Conclusion 110
References 110
6 Overview of Wireless Power Transfer System for Bus 112
Abstract 112
6.1 Introduction 112
6.2 System Overview 113
6.3 Power Cable Module 115
6.3.1 Introduction 115
6.3.2 Road-Embedded Power Cable Module Designs that Are Based an a Single Primary Coil 116
6.4 Pickup Module 117
6.4.1 Introduction 117
6.4.2 Pickup Module Design Requirements 118
6.4.3 Pickup Module Design Guidelines 121
6.5 Requirements of Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles 122
6.6 System Control 125
6.6.1 Introduction 125
6.6.2 Power Supply System Perspective 127
6.6.3 Power Pickup System Perspective 127
6.7 Conclusion 128
References 128
7 Magnetic Energy Pickup Using Resonance 130
Abstract 130
7.1 Introduction 130
7.2 Concept of Resonance in Physical Science and Engineering 131
7.2.1 Magnetic Induction in Wireless Power Transfer System 131
7.2.2 Magnetic Resonance in Wireless Power Transfer System 133
7.2.3 Magnetic Induction Versus Magnetic Resonance in Wireless Power Transfer System 135
7.3 Fine-Tuning Using Capacitance 135
7.3.1 LC Tuning in Wireless Power Transfer System 135
7.3.2 Feasibility of Automatic Tuning Using Capacitance 137
7.3.3 Resonance Frequency in Tuning 138
7.4 Magnetic Energy 139
7.4.1 Power Loss 139
7.4.2 Resonance Energy 141
7.5 Conclusions 143
References 143
8 Selection of Optimum Frequency and Optimization 144
Abstract 144
8.1 Introduction 144
8.2 Issues: Heating Versus Power Transfer, Transfer Capacity 145
8.3 Materials Limitation 146
8.3.1 Coil Limitation Due to Skin Effect 146
8.3.2 Core Limitation 146
8.4 Switching Devices 149
8.4.1 Power Electronics Switching Devices with Different Resonant Frequencies 149
8.4.2 Diode for Rectifier 151
8.5 Trends in Resonance Frequency in Wireless Power Transfer System for Vehicles 151
8.6 Conclusion 152
References 153
9 Optimum Design of Wireless Power Transfer System 154
Abstract 154
9.1 Introduction 154
9.2 Design Requirements 155
9.3 Design of Optimum Parameters for the Overall System 156
9.4 Design of Core Structure 159
9.4.1 Core Design 159
9.4.2 Magnetic Core 161
9.4.3 Core Design for Weight Reduction 162
9.5 Conclusions 162
References 163
10 Inverter and Link Road-Embedded Power with Cable Module 164
Abstract 164
10.1 Introduction 164
10.2 Design Requirements 165
10.3 Design of Road-Embedded Power Cable and Its Segmentation 166
10.3.1 Conventional Implementation of Segment 166
10.3.2 Revised Implementation of Segments 167
10.4 Design of Inverter 168
10.5 Experimental Results 171
10.6 Conclusions 172
References 172
11 Installation of Road-Embedded Power Cable 173
Abstract 173
11.1 Introduction 173
11.2 Main Components for Installation 173
11.3 Installation Requirements 175
11.4 Installation of Road Embedded Power Cable 176
11.5 Safety Issues 182
11.6 Conclusion 184
References 184
12 Pickup and Rectifier 185
Abstract 185
12.1 Introduction 185
12.2 Tolerance for Left and Right Shift (Misalignment) 186
12.2.1 Issues of Misalignment Tolerance in Qualcomm Halo 191
12.3 Design of Pickup System 191
12.3.1 Current in the Power Supply System and Induced Voltage in the Pickup System 191
12.4 Design of Rectifier 196
12.4.1 Principle of the Single-Phase Diode Rectifier 196
12.4.2 Design of the Diode Rectifier 196
12.5 Conclusions 199
References 199
13 Regulator 200
Abstract 200
13.1 Introduction 200
13.2 Overall Wireless Power Transfer System 201
13.3 Design Requirements 202
13.4 Design of Regulator 203
13.5 Pickup Interface 205
13.6 Battery Interface 207
13.7 Conclusions 208
References 209
14 Shielding of Magnetic Field 210
Abstract 210
14.1 Introduction 210
14.2 Need for Shielding of Electromagnetic Field 211
14.3 Passive Shielding 214
14.4 Active Shielding 214
14.5 Reactive Shielding 216
14.6 Conclusions 219
References 219
15 High Power and Energy Management System in OLEV 220
Abstract 220
15.1 Introduction 220
15.2 Overall Power Control Architecture of OLEV System 221
15.3 On-Board Architecture of OLEV Bus System 223
15.4 Road-Embedded Power Supply Architecture of OLEV System 224
15.5 Optimizing Magnetic Flux Field 225
15.6 General Requirements of an Energy Storage System (ESS) 227
15.7 Considerations of Electrical Safety in OLEVs 228
15.7.1 Electrical Safety of Power Drive System in a Bus 228
15.7.2 Electrical Grounding of OLEV System 230
15.7.3 Electrical Issues and Possible Solutions 231
15.8 Conclusions 236
References 236
16 System Structure and the Allocation of Wireless Charging Power Supply Systems for OLEV System 238
Abstract 238
16.1 Introduction 238
16.1.1 Overview 238
16.1.2 Electric Transit Bus System and Current Issues 239
16.2 System Design Structure 239
16.3 OLEV System Modeling 242
16.3.1 Optimization Issue 242
16.3.2 Operational Rules and Assumptions 243
16.3.3 Systems Optimization Category 247
16.4 Closed Environment Model 248
16.5 Open Environment Model 250
16.5.1 System Optimization Modeling 250
16.5.2 Numerical Analysis 253
16.6 Conclusions 254
References 255
Other Applications for OLEV Technology 256
17 Application of SMFIR to Trains 257
Abstract 257
17.1 Introduction 257
17.2 Need for Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Railways 258
17.3 Developed Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Railways in Korea 259
17.3.1 Wireless Low-Floor Tram 259
17.3.2 High-Speed Train 262
17.4 Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Railways in Other Countries 267
17.4.1 Transrapid 09 267
17.4.2 Bombardier PRIMOVE 268
17.5 Prospects for Wireless Power Transfer System in Railways 270
17.6 Conclusions 270
References 271
18 Electrification of Other Transportation Systems 273
Abstract 273
18.1 Introduction 273
18.2 Cargo Transportation Within Airports 274
18.3 Harbor Transportation 274
18.4 Wireless Electric Power Transfer to Ship Transportation 276
18.5 Electric Vehicle (EV) Transportation 278
18.5.1 Application of Wireless Power Transfer System to Electric Vehicles 278
18.5.2 The Need for Wireless Power Transfer of Electric Vehicles 279
18.6 Conclusions 280
References 280
19 Other Applications of SMFIR 281
Abstract 281
19.1 Introduction 281
19.2 Special Features of SMFIR 281
19.3 Portable Device 283
19.4 Home Appliances 284
19.5 Wireless Power Distribution 285
19.6 Bikes and Motorbikes 286
19.7 Conclusions 287
References 287
Performance, Cost, Regulatory, and Safety Considerations 288
20 Electrified Transportation System Performance: Conventional Versus Online Electric Vehicles 289
Abstract 289
20.1 Introduction 290
20.2 Transportation-Electricity Nexus Hybrid Dynamic Model 292
20.2.1 The Need for a Hybrid Dynamic Model 292
20.2.2 Axiomatic Design for Large Flexible Engineering Systems 293
20.2.3 A Timed Petri Net Model 297
20.2.4 Refinement to a Hybrid Dynamic Model 298
20.2.5 Hybrid Dynamic Model Outputs 300
20.3 Transportation-Electrification Test Case 300
20.3.1 Road Topology 301
20.3.2 Electrification Topologies 301
20.3.2.1 Conventional Electrification Topology 302
20.3.2.2 Online Electric Vehicle Topology 303
20.3.3 Traffic Demand 303
20.3.4 Charging Demand 304
20.4 MATLAB Simulation for Urban Mobility Electrification 304
20.5 Results and Discussion 305
20.5.1 Traffic Behavior: Moving and Parked Vehicles 305
20.5.2 Required Power System Generation Capacity 309
20.5.3 Required Power System Operating Reserves 311
20.6 Conclusion: Conventional Versus Online Electric Vehicle System Performance 312
20.7 Future Work: Intelligent Transportation-Energy Systems 313
Appendix 314
Graph Theory 315
Petri Nets 316
References 317
21 Energy Efficiency Consideration of an OLEV Bus System 324
Abstract 324
21.1 Introduction 324
21.2 Series ICE-Electric Hybrid Vehicle (SHEV) 325
21.3 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) 327
21.4 OLEV Bus System 327
21.5 Operational Efficiency Comparison 334
21.6 Conclusions 335
References 335
22 The Economics of Wireless Charging on the Road 337
Abstract 337
22.1 Introduction 337
22.2 Comparison OLEV with IC Engine 338
22.3 Vehicle Technologies and Cost 339
22.3.1 PHEV 339
22.3.2 OLEV 340
22.3.3 Vehicle Cost 341
22.4 Charging Infrastructure Types 342
22.4.1 Plug-in Infrastructure for PHEV 342
22.4.2 On-Line Infrastructure for OLEV 343
22.5 Energy Cost 346
22.5.1 Key Assumptions 346
22.5.2 PHEV Energy Cost 347
22.5.3 OLEV Energy Cost 348
22.6 Results of Comparison Analysis 348
22.6.1 Comparison Results 348
22.6.2 Discussion 351
22.7 Conclusions 352
References 352
23 Regulatory and Safety Issues 354
Abstract 354
23.1 Introduction 354
23.2 Safety Issues for High Power Supply System 355
23.2.1 Safety Test 355
23.2.2 Functional Test 364
23.3 Safety Issues for Electric Bus with Wireless Charging 369
23.3.1 Voltage Ratings of Electric Circuits 369
23.3.2 Basic Protective Measures 370
23.3.3 Insulation Resistance Test 370
23.3.4 Withstanding Voltage Test 371
23.3.5 Connecting Parts Connectivity Test (Equipotential Connection) 371
23.3.6 Safety Standard for High-Power Electric Device of Motor Vehicle 372
23.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility Safety Issues for Power Supply System 372
23.4.1 Requirements for Electromagnetic Emission 372
23.4.2 Requirements for Electromagnetic Immunity 374
23.4.3 Electromagnetic Emission Measurement Method 378
23.4.4 Electromagnetic Immunity Test Method 379
23.5 EMC Safety Issues for Power Pickup System 379
23.5.1 Requirements for Electromagnetic Emission 379
23.5.2 Requirements for Electromagnetic Immunity 383
23.5.3 Electromagnetic Emission Measurement Method 385
23.5.4 Electromagnetic Immunity Test Method 385
23.6 Conclusions 385
References 386
24 Energy Revolution: Journey towards a Greener Planet 387
Abstract 387
24.1 Global Energy Consumption 387
24.2 Renewable Energy 390
24.3 Fossil Fuels 393
24.4 Energy Efficiency 393
24.5 Reduction in Energy and CO2 Due to Efficiency 394
24.6 Insurance for Future Generation from Saving Energy 396
24.7 Carbon Sink in the Soil 397
24.8 Barrier and Determination 399
References 399
Epilogue 401
Index 403