Disrupting Mobility (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 10
Public Sector Activities 12
1 Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045—A National Dialogue About Future Transportation Opportunities and Challenges 13
Abstract 13
1 Introduction: Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045 13
2 How We Move 14
2.1 Growing Travel Demand in Metropolitan Areas 14
2.2 Slowing Demand for Vehicle Travel 15
2.3 The Travel Preferences of Older and Younger Americans 16
2.4 Increasing Travel Choices 16
2.5 Improving Safety 17
2.6 Key Policy Options 17
3 How We Move Things 18
3.1 Growing Freight Demand and International Trade 18
3.2 Impacts of Freight on Our Communities and Environment 18
3.3 Innovations in Freight 19
3.4 Workforce Challenges 20
3.5 Moving Fuel 20
3.6 Key Policy Options 21
4 How We Move Better 21
4.1 Nontransportation Technologies Transforming Transportation 21
4.2 Advances in Aviation Technology 22
4.3 Connected and Automated Vehicles 22
4.4 Key Policy Options 23
5 How We Adapt 23
5.1 Increasingly Vulnerable Infrastructure 23
5.2 Limiting Transportation Emissions 24
5.3 Supporting Hybrid, Electric, and Alternative Fuel Vehicles 24
5.4 Key Policy Options 25
6 How We Align Decisions and Dollars 25
6.1 Coordinating Transportation Decisions 26
6.2 Constrained Transportation Revenues 26
6.3 Innovative Financing 27
6.4 Improving Efficiency 28
6.5 Key Policy Options 28
7 Conclusion 29
References 29
2 Creating an Innovative Mobility Ecosystem for Urban Planning Areas 31
Abstract 31
1 Introduction: A Mobility Megatrend 31
2 Developing a Framework for the Mobility Ecosystem Model 33
2.1 Clean and Healthy Cities: The Challenges of Urban Mobility and Smart City Building 35
2.2 Sociability: Changing Socioeconomic Structure and Travel Patterns 35
2.3 Smart Growth Principles Linking the Right Mobility Mix 36
2.4 Smart and Easy Access 38
2.5 Safety in the Planning Process 38
2.6 World Class Infrastructure 39
3 Formulation of a Mobility Ecosystem in the City Planning Process 40
3.1 Process and Resources for Mobility Ecosystem Planning Model 40
3.2 Development of Quantitative Model for Mobility Ecosystem Planning 41
4 Results and Discussion on Outcome of Mobility Ecosystem Model 44
4.1 Sociability: Reinventing Multimodal Mobility with Social Innovation 44
4.2 Smart Growth: Integration of Land-use and Mobility 45
4.3 Smart and Easy Access for All Mobility Users 47
4.4 Safety First Approach 48
4.5 Recommended World Class Infrastructure 48
4.6 Smart Use of Energy, Environment, and Healthy Planning 50
5 Moving Forward: Implementation Process and Partners 51
5.1 Incremental Steps and Evolution of Mobility Ecosystem Planning 52
5.2 Critical Changes and Stakeholder Function 52
6 Summary and Conclusions: Vision for People-Oriented Mobility Ecosystem 53
Disclaimer 54
References 54
Sharing Economy and Multimodal Mobility 58
3 How Disruptive Can Shared Mobility Be? A Scenario-Based Evaluation of Shared Mobility Systems Implemented at Large Scale 59
Abstract 59
1 Introduction 59
2 Background 60
3 Methodology 62
3.1 Prescreening of Possible Shared Mobility Scenarios 63
3.2 Surveys and Models 63
3.3 Final Assessment of Shared Mobility Scenarios 63
3.4 The Simulation Tool 64
4 Scenarios and Preliminary Results 64
4.1 Scenario Generation 65
4.1.1 Car-Sharing 65
4.1.2 Bike-Sharing 65
4.2 Simulations: Preliminary Results 65
4.3 Discussion 67
5 Summary and Future Work 68
Acknowledgements 69
References 69
4 Transit Systems and the Impacts of Shared Mobility 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction 72
2 Study Methodology 73
3 Interview Results 75
4 Recommended Policy Framework 76
4.1 Better Understand the Twenty-First Century Transportation Marketplace 77
4.2 Integrate City and Transit Agency Planning, Regulation and Other Actions that Affect Transportation Markets and Systems 78
4.3 Launch Immediate Policy Initiatives and Pilot Programs to Find Synergies and Uncover Needed Institutional and Policy Reforms 81
5 Conclusion 83
5 Shared Mobility in Asian Megacities: The Rise of the Apps 84
Abstract 84
1 Introduction 85
2 Shared Mobility in Manila 85
2.1 Current Shared Transport Operations 85
2.2 Governing Shared Transport 86
3 App-Based Mobility in Manila: The Uber and Grab Experience 87
3.1 Launch and Early Operations 87
3.2 The Transport Network Vehicle Service Classification 88
3.3 Latest Developments (As of Spring 2016) 89
3.4 Uptake and Response 90
3.5 Differences Between TNCs 91
4 Challenges and Opportunities for Shared App-Based Transport in Developing Megacities 91
4.1 Social and Employment Impact Considerations 92
4.2 Impact on Congestion 92
4.3 Data Sharing Needs and Considerations 93
5 Conclusion/Final Thoughts 94
References 94
6 What Drives the Usage of Intelligent Traveler Information Systems? 96
Abstract 96
1 Introduction 97
2 Literature Review 98
2.1 Intelligent Traveler Information Systems 98
2.2 User Heterogeneity and Mobility Decisions 99
2.3 Technology Acceptance in Transportation 99
3 Model Development 100
4 Model Evaluation 102
4.1 Data Acquisition 102
4.2 Measurement Model 102
4.3 Cluster Variables 104
4.4 Structural Model 104
5 Conclusion and Future Research 105
5.1 Conclusion 105
5.2 Limitations and Future Research 107
References 108
7 You Are What You Share: Understanding Participation Motives in Peer-to-Peer Carsharing 112
Abstract 112
1 The Rise of Access-Based Services 112
2 Methodological Background—A Brief Introduction into Means-End Chain Theory 114
3 The People Who Share—the Study’s Participants 116
4 The Findings—You Share Because You Care? 117
4.1 Car Owners 118
4.1.1 Cost Cutters 118
4.1.2 Enjoyment Enhancers 118
4.1.3 Experience Enablers 119
4.2 Renters 120
4.2.1 Savings Seekers 120
4.2.2 Convenience Seekers 120
4.2.3 Expression Seekers 121
4.2.4 Certitude Seekers 121
5 Management Takeaways 122
5.1 How to Better Attract Car Owners 122
5.2 How to Grow the Renter Base 124
References 125
8 Multimodal Transportation Payments Convergence—Key to Mobility 127
Abstract 127
1 Introduction to Transportation Payment Convergence 127
2 Approaches to Payment Convergence 129
2.1 Common Payment Media 130
2.2 Common or Linked Accounts and Bundled Mobility Services 131
2.3 Multimodal Portals and Apps 133
2.4 Co-marketing, Incentives, and Gamification 134
3 Benefits of Payments Convergence 135
4 Opportunities to Develop and Implement Multimodal Payments 136
5 Conclusion 137
References 138
9 System Effects of Widespread Use of Fully Automated Vehicles—Three Scenarios 140
Abstract 140
1 Introduction 140
2 Literature Review 141
3 Approach 142
3.1 Modeling Technique and Interviews 143
3.2 Scenario Development 144
3.3 Baseline Model 145
4 Introducing Automated Driving: Three Scenarios 145
4.1 Scenario 1: Technology Changes, but We Do Not 146
4.2 Scenario 2: Technology Changes Our Mode Choice 147
4.3 Scenario 3: New Technologies Offer New Opportunities 149
5 Discussion 150
References 152
10 Smartphone App Evolution and Early Understanding from a Multimodal App User Survey 154
Abstract 154
1 Introduction 155
2 History and Evolution of Smartphone Applications 156
3 Transportation Smartphone Apps 160
4 Impacts of Multi-modal Apps on Travel Behavior: 2016 Exploratory Survey of Multi-modal Transportation Information App Users 163
5 Challenges and Opportunities for Adoption and Mainstreaming of App-Based Services 166
6 Conclusion 167
Acknowledgments 168
References 168
11 Getting Around with Maps and Apps: How ICT Sways Mode Choice 170
Abstract 170
1 Introduction 170
2 Literature 171
3 Methodology 173
3.1 Respondent Requirements and Data Collection 174
4 Pre-survey Results 174
5 Discussion Summaries 176
5.1 Bay Ridge—A Case of Too Few Options 177
5.2 Greenpoint—A Case of Too Many (Mediocre) Options 179
5.3 Yonkers—When Driving Is the Default Option 181
6 Key Themes and Conclusions 183
References 184
12 Online and App-Based Carpooling in France: Analyzing Users and Practices—A Study of BlaBlaCar 185
Abstract 185
1 Introduction 185
2 Background 187
3 Methodology 189
3.1 Study Limitations 189
4 Results 190
4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics 190
4.2 Socio-demographic Characteristics and Carpooling Usage 192
4.3 Frequency of Carpooling Use 193
4.4 Trip Purpose 193
4.5 Passenger Versus Driver Role 194
4.6 Motivations 195
4.7 Alternative Mode in the Absence of Carpooling 196
4.8 BlaBlaCar Use Frequency and Ordinal Regression Analysis 196
5 Conclusion 199
References 200
13 A Framework for Understanding the Impacts of Ridesourcing on Transportation 201
Abstract 201
1 Introduction 202
2 Literature Review 203
2.1 Evolving Transportation Services 203
2.2 Travel Demand Models and Transportation Styles 205
3 A Framework to Account for Ridesourcing 206
4 Expected Results 210
5 Discussion 211
References 212
Innovative Transportation Technologies and City Design 214
14 Disrupting Mobility: Decarbonising Transport? 215
Abstract 215
1 Introduction 215
2 Transport Scenarios: Overview and Analysis 217
2.1 Scenarios Taken into Account 217
2.2 Typology of Scenario Studies 219
3 Analysis and Comparative Evaluation of Selected Global Scenarios 222
3.1 Distances Travelled 222
3.2 Target Goal: GHG Emissions 223
3.3 Target Goal: Primary Energy Use 224
4 Conclusion and Research Outlook: Disrupting Mobility? 226
Acknowledgments 232
Appendix 232
References 236
15 Accessibility in Cities: Transport and Urban Form 240
Abstract 240
1 Introduction 240
2 Accessibility in Cities and Implications for Carbon Emissions 241
2.1 Urban Accessibility Pathways 242
2.2 Carbon Emissions from the Provision of Access in Cities 245
3 Assessment: Monetisation of Related Costs and Benefits 248
3.1 Direct Costs and Benefits 249
3.2 Indirect Costs and Benefits 251
4 Patterns, Trends and Tipping Points 252
4.1 Urban Form: Ongoing Urban Sprawl or More Compact Urban Development? 253
4.2 Mobility Behaviour: Conventional Motorisation or New Urban Mobility? 254
4.3 Technological Change: Business as Usual or Disruptive Innovation? 258
5 Enabling Accessibility Through Compact Cities and Sustainable Transport 261
5.1 Barriers 261
5.2 Planning and Regulation: Shaping Cities Across Temporal and Geographic Scales 262
5.3 Instruments for Shaping Incentives and Mobilising Revenue 263
5.4 Policy for Innovation and Technological Disruption 263
6 Conclusion 264
Acknowledgements 265
References 266
16 Mobility Patterns in Shared, Autonomous, and Connected Urban Transport 275
Abstract 275
1 Introduction 276
2 Predictions from Experiences 278
3 Simulation Applications 279
3.1 Experimenting with Different DRT Systems 279
3.2 Comparing Buses and on-Demand Systems 280
3.3 Motivating Behavioral Change 281
3.4 Using Simulations to Test Optimization Strategies 282
4 The Role of User Interfaces 285
5 Conclusions and Outlook 285
Acknowledgements 287
References 287
17 Transit Leap: A Deployment Path for Shared-Use Autonomous Vehicles that Supports Sustainability 291
Abstract 291
1 Introduction 291
1.1 World Vehicle Growth Is High and not Slowing 292
1.2 Humans Will Continue to Demand Motorized Mobility 293
2 Could Shared Fleets Dominate Future Automobility? 294
3 Municipal and Regional Governments Can Respond 296
4 Evolution Toward Robo-Cars 297
5 Transit Leap 298
5.1 Transit Leap and Mobility Digitization 300
6 Conclusion: Innovation and Integration 301
7 Recommendation: Avoiding Ugly Disruption 303
References 304
18 Biking and the Connected City 306
Abstract 306
1 Introduction 306
2 The Future of Biking: The Connected Bike, the Smart Bike, and the Electric Bike 307
2.1 The Connected and Smart Bike 308
2.2 The Electric Bike 310
2.3 The Bike of the Future: Connected, Smart, and Pedelectric 312
3 The Role of the Connected and Smart Bike in the Connected City 313
3.1 The Role of Connected, Smart, and Electric Bikes in Encouraging Increased Bike Use 313
3.2 The Role of Transportation Agencies in Increasing Bike Use 316
3.2.1 Dynamic Cycling Infrastructure Management (DCIM) 316
3.2.2 Bike-to-Infrastructure Communication 317
3.2.3 GIS-Disks and the “Last-Mile-Home” 317
3.2.4 Using Connected Cycle Data to Improve the Cycling Experience and Encourage Cyclists 318
3.3 Transportation Agency as Bike Transportation Manager 319
4 Future Research 319
References 320
19 iTRANS: Proactive ITS Based on Drone Technology to Solve Urban Transportation Challenge 321
Abstract 321
1 Introduction 322
2 Related Work 323
2.1 Related Research 323
2.2 Literature Review 324
3 Description of the Transportation Challenge 326
3.1 UAV Technology as Advanced ITS Platform 327
3.2 ITS Platform Characteristics 328
4 Conclusions 330
References 331
20 Mobilescapes: A New Frontier for Urban, Vehicle, and Media Design 332
Abstract 332
1 Introduction 332
2 Spatial and Temporal Considerations in Urban Mobility 333
3 Approaching Mobilescapes 335
4 Apprehension of Latent Needs in Dynamics Environments 336
4.1 Realm (Time-Sensitive, Space-Based) 336
4.2 Dynamics of Urban Life (Space-Affecting, Time-Based) 337
4.3 Toward a Synthesis of Latent Needs 337
5 The Functions of Mobilescapes 338
5.1 Primary Functions 339
5.2 Secondary Functions 340
6 A Route Map for the Development of Mobilescapes 341
6.1 Vehicle Definition 341
6.1.1 Vehicle Dynamics 341
6.1.2 Design Articulation of Vehicle Space 343
6.2 Control Systems 343
7 Conclusion 344
References 345