Functional Safety for Road Vehicles (eBook)

Hans-Leo Ross graduated as an engineer from the University of Paderborn. For ‘Preussag-Noell-LGA Gastechnik’ he planned and realized safety relevant plants and systems for the oil and gas industry as well as for offshore chemical plants. He also worked for ‘HIMA Paul Hildebrandt’ where his responsibilities covered the distribution of safety-related control systems in Great Britain and North and Eastern Europe before he became Head of Product Management.He has been working for Continental Automotive since 2004 where and was responsible for the introduction of functional safety and the coordination of the entire overall safety activities of the company. He has also been a member of VDA AK 16 since 2004 and has overseen the German mirror committee for ISO 26262, today’s VDA AK 26-01 working group (Fundamentals for functional safety of road vehicles). Moreover, he served as a foundation member of WG 16 (ISO committee for ISO 26262) and has ever since been one of the German experts in this international task force until 2014. Both committees developed the essential foundations for functional safeties in automobiles.From 2014 till 2015 he developed safety-related chassis control systems for the Mando Corporation Europe as “Head of Cross-Functional Development”. He was responsible for building-up an engineering infrastructure align with the requirements of ISO 262626 and leads the system and software development for electronic stability and park-brake systems.Since August 2015, he is employed a senior consultant for development and functional safety at Bosch Engineering GmbH.

Foreword of the Author 5
Preface 6
Acknowledgments 9
Contents 10
1 Introduction 13
1.1 Definitions and Translations from the ISO 26262 14
1.2 Error Terms of the ISO 26262 17
References 18
2 Why Functional Safety in Road Vehicles? 19
2.1 Risk, Safety and Functional Safety in Automobiles 19
2.2 Quality Management System 25
2.2.1 Quality Management Systems from the Viewpoint of ISO 26262 29
2.3 Advanced Quality Planning 30
2.4 Process Models 32
2.4.1 V-Models 33
2.4.2 Waterfall Model 42
2.4.3 Spiral Model 43
2.5 Automotive and Safety Lifecycles 45
2.5.1 Safety Lifecycles for the Development of Automotive Products 47
2.5.2 Safety-Lifecycles According to ISO 26262 48
2.5.3 Security-Versus Safety Lifecycles 50
References 50
3 System Engineering 52
3.1 Historic and Philosophic Background 52
3.2 Reliability Engineering 54
3.2.1 Foundation/Basis of Reliability 56
3.2.2 Reliability and Safety 60
3.3 Architecture Development 62
3.3.1 Stakeholder of Architectures 64
3.3.2 Views of Architecture 67
3.3.3 Horizontal Level of Abstraction 69
3.4 Requirements and Architecture Development 77
3.5 Requirements and Design Specification 79
References 85
4 System Engineering for Development of Requirements and Architecture 86
4.1 Function Analysis 89
4.2 Hazard and Risk Analysis 91
4.2.1 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment according to ISO 26262 92
4.2.2 Safety Goals 101
4.3 Safety Concepts 104
4.3.1 The Functional Safety Concept 107
4.3.2 Technical Safety Concept 117
4.3.3 Microcontroller Safety Concept 121
4.4 System Analyses 125
4.4.1 Methods for the System Analysis 126
4.4.2 Safety Analysis According to ISO 26262 130
4.4.2.1 Failure/Error Propagation 137
4.4.2.2 Error Propagation in the Horizontal and in the Vertical 142
4.4.2.3 Inductive Safety Analysis 147
4.4.2.4 Deductive Safety Analysis 150
4.4.2.5 Quantitative Safety Analysis 156
4.4.2.6 Architecture Metrics 160
4.4.2.7 Top Failure Metrics (Probabilistic Metric for Random Hardware Failure, PMHF) 166
4.4.2.8 Failure Metrics for Sensors or other Components 172
4.4.2.9 Analysis of Dependent Failures (ADF) 174
4.4.2.10 Safety Analysis in the Safety Lifecycle 181
4.4.3 Safety and Security Error Propagation 188
4.5 Verification During Development 188
4.6 Product Development at System Level 190
4.7 Product Development at Component Level 194
4.7.1 Mechanical Development 197
4.7.2 Electronic Development 198
4.7.3 Software Development 203
References 210
5 System Engineering in the Product Development 211
5.1 Product Realization 211
5.1.1 Product Design for Development 212
5.1.2 Mechanics 212
5.1.3 Electronics 214
5.1.4 Software 214
5.2 Functional Safety and Timing Constraints 216
5.2.1 Safety Aspects of Fault-Reaction-Time-Interval 216
5.2.2 Safety Aspects and Real-Time Systems 217
5.2.3 Timing and Determinism 219
5.2.4 Scheduling Aspects in Relation to Control-Flow and Data-Flow Monitoring 221
5.2.5 Safe Processing Environment 224
6 System Integration 226
6.1 Verifications and Tests 227
6.1.1 Basic Principles for Verifications and Tests 234
6.1.2 Verification based on Safety Analyses 237
6.1.3 Verification of Diverse Objectives such as Safety and Security 241
6.1.4 Test Methods 242
6.1.5 Integration of Technical Elements 243
6.2 Safety Validation 245
6.3 Model Based Development 248
6.3.1 Models for Functional Safety 250
6.3.2 Foundation for Models 253
6.3.3 Model Based Safety Analysis 254
6.4 Approvals/Releases 255
6.4.1 Process Releases 256
6.4.2 Release for Series Production 257
6.4.3 Production Part Approval Process (PPAP) 258
References 260
7 Confirmation of Functional Safety 261
7.1 Confirmation Reviews 265
7.2 Functional Safety Audits 269
7.3 Assessment of Functional Safety 270
7.4 Safety Case 271
References 273
Index 274