Road Vehicle Automation 3 (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Introduction: The Automated Vehicles Symposium 2015 11
Abstract 11
1 Overview 12
2 Symposium Attendees 13
3 Demonstrations 14
4 Keynote Talks 14
5 Plenary Panel Sessions 15
6 Plenary Presentation Sessions 16
7 Breakout Sessions 17
7.1 Infrastructure and Operations Breakout Sessions 17
7.2 Technology Breakout Sessions 18
7.3 User-Oriented Breakout Sessions 19
7.4 Policy and Planning Breakout Sessions 20
8 General Cross-cutting Observations 21
Public Sector Activities 23
2 A National Project in Japan: Innovation of Automated Driving for Universal Services 24
Abstract 24
1 Outline of the Project 24
1.1 Objectives 25
1.2 Scope 25
2 ITS Deployment as Technological and Operational Platform 26
2.1 Electronic Toll Collection 26
2.2 Car Navigation 27
2.3 Real-Time Traffic Information Service 28
2.4 Vehicle to Infrastructure Cooperation 28
3 Current Status of SIP-Adus 29
3.1 Modeling Road Environment 29
3.2 Locating Vehicle Position 29
3.3 Human Factors 32
4 Consideration on Benefits for Japan 32
4.1 Road Safety 32
4.2 CO2 Emission Reduction 33
4.3 Active Aging 34
5 Conclusion 35
References 35
3 Accessible Transportation Technologies Research Initiative (ATTRI)—Advancing Mobility Solutions for All 36
Abstract 36
1 Introduction to ATTRI 37
1.1 Background 37
1.2 Challenges and Barriers 38
1.3 ATTRI Vision 39
1.4 User Needs Identified 40
1.5 Collaboration 41
2 ATTRI Technology Research Solutions 41
2.1 Wayfinding and Navigation Solutions 42
2.2 ITS and Assistive Technologies 42
2.3 Automation and Robotics 43
2.4 Data Integration 43
2.5 Enhanced Human Services Transportation 44
3 ATTRI Three Phase Program Plan 44
4 ATTRI Foundational Considerations 45
4.1 Standard Accessible Data Platform 45
4.2 Universal Design Standards 45
4.3 Integrated Mobile Payment 46
4.4 Leverage Existing Technologies 46
5 Moving Forward 47
References 47
4 DOE SMART Mobility: Systems and Modeling for Accelerated Research in Transportation 48
Abstract 48
1 Initiative Description and Impact 48
2 Connectivity and Automation 51
3 Mobility Decision Science 53
4 Urban Science 55
5 Vehicles and Infrastructure 56
6 Multi-modal 58
7 Conclusions 60
Acknowledgments 61
References 61
5 Automated Driving Policy 62
Abstract 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Context 63
3 Administrative Strategies 64
4 Legal Strategies 65
5 Community Strategies 66
6 Conclusion 66
6 How Local Governments Can Plan for Autonomous Vehicles 68
Abstract 68
1 Proposed Government Role in Autonomous Vehicles 68
1.1 Proposed Federal Government Role in Autonomous Vehicles 69
1.2 Proposed State, Regional, and Local Government Role in Autonomous Vehicles 70
2 Proposed State, Regional, and Local Government Role in Autonomous Vehicles 71
2.1 Near-Term Planning Activities 71
2.1.1 Support Testing Activities 72
2.1.2 Stay Educated on Autonomous Vehicle Progress 72
2.1.3 Establish Communications and/or Coalition with Autonomous Vehicle Stakeholders 72
2.1.4 Establish Policies and Plans with Consideration for the Future 73
2.1.5 Encourage Open Data Sharing 73
2.2 Medium to Long-Term Recommendations 73
2.2.1 Planning Activities 73
2.2.2 Infrastructure Modifications 74
2.2.3 Miscellaneous 76
2.2.4 Policy Activities 76
3 Conclusion 79
References 79
Human Factors and Challenges 80
7 Shifting Paradigms and Conceptual Frameworks for Automated Driving 81
Abstract 81
1 Etymologies of Driving Automation 82
2 Growing Trust: The Levels of Driving Automation 84
3 Growing Trust: Anthropomorphism 88
4 From WeDrive to YouDrive: Adaptive and Distributed HMI 90
5 Living Responsive Environments and the You of “YouDrive” 93
6 Conclusion 95
References 96
8 Truck Automation: Testing and Trusting the Virtual Driver 98
Abstract 98
1 Introduction 99
2 Autonomous Mobility Appliqué System 100
3 Engineering the Automated Driving System 100
4 Validation and Verification 102
5 Trusting Automated Driving 103
6 Model-Based Systems Engineering 105
7 Automated Driving Reference Architecture 106
8 Standards and Certification Testing 110
9 Demonstration Pilots and Operational Testing 112
10 Conclusion 114
References 115
9 Automated Vehicles: Take-Over Request and System Prompt Evaluation 117
Abstract 117
1 Introduction 118
2 Objectives 118
3 Testing 119
3.1 Experiment 1: Alerting Operators to Regain Control of a Level 2 Automated Vehicle 119
3.1.1 Conduct of Experiment 119
3.1.2 Results 120
3.2 Experiment 2: System Prompt Effectiveness Over Time 120
3.2.1 Conduct of Experiment 120
3.2.2 Results 121
3.3 Experiment 3: Human-Automation System Performance Over Time 122
3.3.1 Conduct of Experiment 122
3.3.2 Results 123
4 Conclusions 124
Acknowledgments 125
Reference 125
10 Motion Sickness in Automated Vehicles: The Elephant in the Room 126
Abstract 126
1 Introduction 127
2 Drivers of Motion Sickness 128
2.1 Vehicle Dynamics 128
2.2 Anticipation of Vehicle Dynamics 129
2.3 Conflicting Motion Cues 130
3 Design Considerations for Automated Vehicles 132
4 Conclusions 133
References 133
11 Potential Solutions to Human Factors Challenges in Road Vehicle Automation 135
Abstract 135
1 Introduction 136
1.1 Definitions of Mid-Level Automation—Automation Levels 2–4 137
1.2 System Limitations 138
1.3 Aim 138
2 Key Human Factors Challenges 139
2.1 Automation Is a Cost-Benefit Trade-off Where Reduced Human Performance Is a Cost 139
2.2 Different Transfer of Control Concerns for Different Levels of Automation 141
2.3 The Driver May not Provide Suitable Fallback Performance of the Dynamic Driving Task 142
2.4 The Better the Automation, the Less Attention Drivers Will Pay to Traffic and the System, and the Less Capable They Will Be to Resume Control 144
2.5 The Driver May Be “Out-of-the-Loop”—May not Monitor the Driving Environment or Be Aware of the Status of Automation 144
3 Potential Solutions for the Human Factors Challenges in Mid-Level Automation 147
3.1 Alternative 1: Work Within Given Constraints—Design the Best We Can, Given the Definitions of Level 2 and 3 147
3.2 Alternative 2: Advice Against Level 3—Advocate for Two Levels of Automation (Shared and Delegated Driving) 148
4 Conclusions 149
References 150
Ethics, Energy and Technology Perspectives 153
12 Connected Autonomous Vehicles: Travel Behavior and Energy Use 154
Abstract 154
1 Introduction 154
2 Literature Review 155
3 Costs of Driving 156
3.1 Value of Travel Time 158
3.2 CAVs and Rebound Driving 159
4 External Costs of Driving and CAVs 160
5 External Costs of Driving and CAVs 162
6 Final Comments 163
References 163
13 The Socio-Economic Impact of Urban Road Automation Scenarios: CityMobil2 Participatory Appraisal Exercise 166
Abstract 166
1 Introduction 167
2 Results of the Online Survey 168
3 Qualitative Appraisal of Expected Impacts and Highlights from the 1s Day Session 178
3.1 Economy 178
3.2 Society 179
3.3 Environment 180
3.4 Transport 181
4 Assessment of Survey Results by Stakeholders 182
4.1 Public Authorities 182
4.2 Automotive Industry 184
4.3 Freight Operators 186
4.4 Private Operators 187
5 Conclusion 188
References 189
14 Synergies of Connectivity, Automation and Electrification of Road Vehicles 190
Abstract 190
1 Introduction 190
2 Synergies in Technology 191
3 Complementarities in Energy Consumption 192
4 Role of Business Models 192
5 Conclusions 193
References 194
Vehicle Systems and Technologies Development 195
15 Connected Truck Automation 196
Abstract 196
1 Commercial Trucking: An Ideal Application of Connected and Automated Vehicles 196
1.1 Trucking 196
1.2 Flexible Vehicles 197
1.3 Operations Well Suited to Platooning 198
2 The Power of Connected Trucks 198
2.1 Connected Braking 199
2.2 Cloud Connection 200
3 Conclusions 201
References 201
16 Validation and Verification of Automated Road Vehicles 202
Abstract 202
1 Introduction 203
2 The Validation and Verification Challenge 204
3 Paving the Way for Validation and Verification 208
4 Conclusion 210
Acknowledgments 210
References 211
17 Trustworthy Foundation for CAVs in an Uncertain World: From Wireless Networking, Sensing, and Control to Software-Defined Infrastructure 212
Abstract 212
1 Introduction 213
2 Predictable CAV Wireless Control Networking 215
3 CAV Control 217
4 Software-Defined CAV Infrastructure 221
5 Concluding Remarks 223
References 223
18 Enabling Technologies for Vehicle Automation 225
Abstract 225
1 Background 226
2 Research Approach 226
3 Summary of Findings 228
3.1 Position, Navigation and Timing 228
3.2 Mapping 229
3.3 Communications 230
3.4 Sensing 230
3.5 Human Factors 231
4 Discussion 232
Acknowledgments 234
References 234
19 Technical Evaluation and Impact Assessment of Automated Driving 236
Abstract 236
1 Introduction 236
2 Evaluation Methodology 237
3 Technical Assessment 239
3.1 Technical Assessment for Event-Based Operating Functions 239
3.2 Technical Assessment for Continuously Operating Functions 240
4 Safety Impact Assessment 242
5 Summary and Outlook 244
Acknowledgments 244
References 244
Transportation Infrastructure and Planning 246
20 Integrated Traffic Flow Models and Analysis for Automated Vehicles 247
Abstract 247
1 Introduction 248
2 Frontier Research on CAV Traffic Flow Modeling and Control 249
2.1 Modeling Traffic Flow with Automated Vehicles at Highway Bottlenecks 249
2.2 Impacts of Connected and Automated Vehicles on the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram 250
2.3 Automated Vehicle Trajectory Control Versus Classical Traffic Flow Theories 252
2.4 Automated and Connected Vehicles on Traffic Signal Control 253
2.5 Connected and Automated Vehicles on Space-Phase-Time (SPT) Hyper-Network 254
3 Discussion 254
References 256
21 Beyond Single Occupancy Vehicles: Automated Transit and Shared Mobility 257
Abstract 257
1 Introduction 258
2 Definitions 258
2.1 Automated Guideway Transit 259
2.2 Automated Bus 260
2.3 Automated Personal Transit 260
3 Historical Development 262
3.1 Automated Guideway Transit 262
3.2 Automated Bus Transit 263
3.3 Automated Personalized Transit 264
4 Current Status 265
4.1 Public Policies and Regulations 265
4.2 Market Share for Transit 266
4.3 Vehicle Assist and Automation 266
4.4 Gateway Project in UK 267
4.5 Shared Mobility by Zipcar 267
4.6 Sustainable Mobility 269
5 Relationship Between Automated Transit and Shared Mobility 270
6 Summary 271
References 272
22 Vulnerable Road Users: How Can Automated Vehicle Systems Help to Keep Them Safe and Mobile? 274
Abstract 274
1 Introduction 275
2 Issues and Solutions 276
2.1 The Presentation Summaries 276
2.1.1 Vehicle-Smartphone Communication to Protect Road Users (V2P and Beyond) Presented 276
2.1.2 How Can We Use AVs to Protect VRUs? 277
2.1.3 Automated Vehicle Symposium Vulnerable Users 277
2.1.4 Implications of Automated Vehicles for Older Drivers 278
2.1.5 Automation Connection and Cyclists 278
2.2 Summarizing Proposed Solutions to Accommodate VRUs Within an AV Context 278
3 Issues and Current Thought 280
3.1 Review of the Panel Session 280
3.2 Questions for Further Discussion 281
3.3 The Future of VRUs at AVS 282
4 Results 282
5 Discussion and Conclusions 283
References 283
23 Implications of Vehicle Automation for Planning 284
Abstract 284
1 Why Should Planners Care Now? Workshop Motivation and Organization 285
2 Major Uncertainties with Automation and Implications for Planning 286
2.1 Factors Causing Uncertainty 286
2.2 Key Questions for Travel Demand and Planning 287
3 What Can Planners Do Now? 288
3.1 Scenario Planning 288
3.1.1 Introduction 288
3.1.2 The Dutch Case Study 289
3.1.3 Implications of Scenario Analysis for Planning 290
3.2 Pilot Projects 290
3.3 Education 291
4 Summary and Conclusions 291
References 292