Nalluri And Featherstone's Civil Engineering Hydraulics

Martin Marriott is a chartered civil engineer with degrees from the Universities of Cambridge, London (Imperial College) and Hertfordshire. He has wide professional experience in the UK and overseas with major firms of consulting engineers, and many years of experience as a lecturer in higher education. He has an academic management role in the School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering at the University of East London.

Preface to Sixth Edition xi

About the Author xiii

Symbols xv

1 Properties of Fluids 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Engineering units 1

1.3 Mass density and specific weight 2

1.4 Relative density 2

1.5 Viscosity of fluids 2

1.6 Compressibility and elasticity of fluids 2

1.7 Vapour pressure of liquids 2

1.8 Surface tension and capillarity 3

Worked examples 3

References and recommended reading 5

Problems 5

2 Fluid Statics 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Pascal’s law 7

2.3 Pressure variation with depth in a static incompressible fluid 8

2.4 Pressure measurement 9

2.5 Hydrostatic thrust on plane surfaces 11

2.6 Pressure diagrams 14

2.7 Hydrostatic thrust on curved surfaces 15

2.8 Hydrostatic buoyant thrust 17

2.9 Stability of floating bodies 17

2.10 Determination of metacentre 18

2.11 Periodic time of rolling (or oscillation) of a floating body 20

2.12 Liquid ballast and the effective metacentric height 20

2.13 Relative equilibrium 22

Worked examples 24

Reference and recommended reading 41

Problems 41

3 Fluid Flow Concepts and Measurements 47

3.1 Kinematics of fluids 47

3.2 Steady and unsteady flows 48

3.3 Uniform and non-uniform flows 48

3.4 Rotational and irrotational flows 49

3.5 One-, two- and three-dimensional flows 49

3.6 Streamtube and continuity equation 49

3.7 Accelerations of fluid particles 50

3.8 Two kinds of fluid flow 51

3.9 Dynamics of fluid flow 52

3.10 Energy equation for an ideal fluid flow 52

3.11 Modified energy equation for real fluid flows 54

3.12 Separation and cavitation in fluid flow 55

3.13 Impulse–momentum equation 56

3.14 Energy losses in sudden transitions 57

3.15 Flow measurement through pipes 58

3.16 Flow measurement through orifices and mouthpieces 60

3.17 Flow measurement in channels 64

Worked examples 69

References and recommended reading 85

Problems 85

4 Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Pipelines 89

4.1 Resistance in circular pipelines flowing full 89

4.2 Resistance to flow in non-circular sections 94

4.3 Local losses 94

Worked examples 95

References and recommended reading 115

Problems 115

5 Pipe Network Analysis 119

5.1 Introduction 119

5.2 The head balance method (‘loop’ method) 120

5.3 The quantity balance method (‘nodal’ method) 121

5.4 The gradient method 123

Worked examples 125

References and recommended reading 142

Problems 143

6 Pump–Pipeline System Analysis and Design 149

6.1 Introduction 149

6.2 Hydraulic gradient in pump–pipeline systems 150

6.3 Multiple pump systems 151

6.4 Variable-speed pump operation 153

6.5 Suction lift limitations 153

Worked examples 154

References and recommended reading 168

Problems 168

7 Boundary Layers on Flat Plates and in Ducts 171

7.1 Introduction 171

7.2 The laminar boundary layer 171

7.3 The turbulent boundary layer 172

7.4 Combined drag due to both laminar and turbulent boundary layers 173

7.5 The displacement thickness 173

7.6 Boundary layers in turbulent pipe flow 174

7.7 The laminar sub-layer 176

Worked examples 178

References and recommended reading 185

Problems 185

8 Steady Flow in Open Channels 187

8.1 Introduction 187

8.2 Uniform flow resistance 188

8.3 Channels of composite roughness 189

8.4 Channels of compound section 190

8.5 Channel design 191

8.6 Uniform flow in part-full circular pipes 194

8.7 Steady, rapidly varied channel flow energy principles 195

8.8 The momentum equation and the hydraulic jump 196

8.9 Steady, gradually varied open channel flow 198

8.10 Computations of gradually varied flow 199

8.11 The direct step method 199

8.12 The standard step method 200

8.13 Canal delivery problems 201

8.14 Culvert flow 202

8.15 Spatially varied flow in open channels 203

Worked examples 205

References and recommended reading 241

Problems 241

9 Dimensional Analysis, Similitude and Hydraulic Models 247

9.1 Introduction 247

9.2 Dimensional analysis 248

9.3 Physical significance of non-dimensional groups 248

9.4 The Buckingham 𝜋 theorem 249

9.5 Similitude and model studies 249

Worked examples 250

References and recommended reading 263

Problems 263

10 Ideal Fluid Flow and Curvilinear Flow 265

10.1 Ideal fluid flow 265

10.2 Streamlines, the stream function 265

10.3 Relationship between discharge and stream function 266

10.4 Circulation and the velocity potential function 267

10.5 Stream functions for basic flow patterns 267

10.6 Combinations of basic flow patterns 269

10.7 Pressure at points in the flow field 269

10.8 The use of flow nets and numerical methods 270

10.9 Curvilinear flow of real fluids 273

10.10 Free and forced vortices 274

Worked examples 274

References and recommended reading 285

Problems 285

11 Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow from Reservoirs 289

11.1 Discharge between reservoirs under varying head 289

11.2 Unsteady flow over a spillway 291

11.3 Flow establishment 292

Worked examples 293

References and recommended reading 302

Problems 302

12 Mass Oscillations and Pressure Transients in Pipelines 305

12.1 Mass oscillation in pipe systems – surge chamber operation 305

12.2 Solution neglecting tunnel friction and throttle losses for sudden discharge stoppage 306

12.3 Solution including tunnel and surge chamber losses for sudden discharge stoppage 307

12.4 Finite difference methods in the solution of the surge chamber equations 308

12.5 Pressure transients in pipelines (waterhammer) 309

12.6 The basic differential equations of waterhammer 311

12.7 Solutions of the waterhammer equations 312

12.8 The Allievi equations 312

12.9 Alternative formulation 315

Worked examples 316

References and recommended reading 322

Problems 322

13 Unsteady Flow in Channels 323

13.1 Introduction 323

13.2 Gradually varied unsteady flow 323

13.3 Surges in open channels 324

13.4 The upstream positive surge 325

13.5 The downstream positive surge 326

13.6 Negative surge waves 327

13.7 The dam break 329

Worked examples 330

References and recommended reading 333

Problems 333

14 Uniform Flow in Loose-Boundary Channels 335

14.1 Introduction 335

14.2 Flow regimes 335

14.3 Incipient (threshold) motion 335

14.4 Resistance to flow in alluvial (loose-bed) channels 337

14.5 Velocity distributions in loose-boundary channels 339

14.6 Sediment transport 339

14.7 Bed load transport 340

14.8 Suspended load transport 343

14.9 Total load transport 345

14.10 Regime channel design 346

14.11 Rigid-bed channels with sediment transport 350

Worked examples 352

References and recommended reading 367

Problems 368

15 Hydraulic Structures 371

15.1 Introduction 371

15.2 Spillways 371

15.3 Energy dissipators and downstream scour protection 376

Worked examples 379

References and recommended reading 389

Problems 390

16 Environmental Hydraulics and Engineering Hydrology 393

16.1 Introduction 393

16.2 Analysis of gauged river flow data 393

16.3 River Thames discharge data 395

16.4 Flood alleviation, sustainability and environmental channels 396

16.5 Project appraisal 397

Worked examples 398

References and recommended reading 405

Problems 406

17 Introduction to Coastal Engineering 409

17.1 Introduction 409

17.2 Waves and wave theories 409

17.3 Wave processes 420

17.4 Wave set-down and set-up 428

17.5 Wave impact, run-up and overtopping 429

17.6 Tides, surges and mean sea level 430

17.7 Tsunami waves 432

Worked examples 433

References and recommended reading 438

Problems 439

Answers 441

Index 447