Knowledge-Based Systems and Legal Applications (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Knowledge-Based Systems and Legal Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contens 6
PREFACE 8
BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 12
PART I: CONTEXT 16
CHAPTER 1. THE REPRESENTATION OF LAW IN COMPUTER PROGRAMS 18
1.1. INTRODUCTION 18
1.2. SCOPE OF THE SURVEY 20
1.3. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 22
1.4. POSSIBLE CLASSIFICATIONS AND ISSUES ARISING 24
1.5. MODELS OF LEGAL EXPERTISE 29
1.6. ALGORITHMIC REPRESENTATIONS OF LAW 35
1.7. Algorithmic programs 35
1.8. EXPLICIT REPRESENTATIONS OF LAW 42
1.9. LEGOL AND NORMA 48
1.10. REPRESENTING LAW AS LOGIC PROGRAMS 50
1.11. THE DRAFTING OF LEGISLATION 58
1.12. TAXMAN I 60
1.13. CONCEPTUAL MODELS AND DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL 64
1.14. SYSTEMS THAT COMBINE STATUTES AND CASE LAW 68
1.15. Meldman 69
1.16. TAXMAN II AND LANGUAGE FOR LEGAL DISCOURSE 75
1.17. CASE-BASED REASONING 79
CHAPTER 2. THE OPPORTUNITIES OF THE DHSS DEMONSTRATOR PROJECT 84
2.1. THE ALVEY DHSS DEMONSTRATOR PROJECT 84
22. A CONCERTED APPROACH TO A VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS 86
23. BREADTH OF REMIT 87
2.4. CLOSENESS OF THE CUSTOMER ORGANIZATION 87
2.5. SIZE OF THE APPLICATIONS 88
2.6. SUMMARY 88
PART II: TASKS 90
CHAPTER 3. A SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT FOR ADJUDICATORS 92
3.1. ADJUDICATION, ADJUDICATORS AND SOCIAL SECURITY 93
3.2. AIMS OF AN ADJUDICATION SUPPORT SYSTEM 95
3.3. SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS 97
3.4. OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS AND CONCLUSIONS 106
CHAPTER 4. SUPPORT FOR THE FORMULATION OF LEGISLATION 110
4.1. INTRODUCTION 110
4.2. POLICY MAKERS AND WHAT THEY DO 112
4.3. POSSIBILITIES FOR KBS SUPPORT 121
4.4. Issue Explanation 122
4.5. NATURE OF KBS TO PROVIDE THIS SUPPORT 125
4.6. PROBLEMS 127
CHAPTER 5. SUPPORT FOR MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC 130
5.1. KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS FOR CUSTOMERS 130
5.2. KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS FOR SOCIAL SECURITY CLAIMANTS 132
5.3. THE FORMS HELPER 134
5.4. THE ADVICE SYSTEM 139
5.5. CONCLUSIONS 142
5.6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 143
CHAPTER 6. USING A COMMON KNOWLEDGE BASE IN SEVERAL APPLICATIONS 144
6.1. INTRODUCTION 144
6.2. An example 144
Conclusions 150
PART III: PROTOTYPES 152
CHAPTER 7. THE LOCAL OFFICE SYSTEM 154
7.1. INTRODUCTION 154
7.2. EARLY OBJECTIVES 155
7.3. INITIAL AREAS OF INVESTIGATION 156
7.4. THE LOCAL OFFICE APPLICATION 158
7.5. SETTING THE SCOPE OF PROTOTYPES 159
7.6. LOCAL OFFICE DEMONSTRATOR 1 (LOD1) 160
7.7. LOCAL OFFICE DEMONSTRATOR 2 (LOD2) 163
7.8. LOCAL OFFICE DEMONSTRATOR 3 (LOD3) 166
7.9. THE REQUIREMENTS AS FINALLY SEEN FOR LOD3 167
7.10. THE DESIGN OF LOD3 168
7.11. EVALUATION OF LOD3 172
7.12. CONCLUSION 177
7.13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 178
CHAPTER 8. THE POLICY SYSTEM 180
8.1. INTRODUCTION 180
8.2. THE HISTORY OF THE POLICY APPLICATION 182
8.3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROTOTYPES 184
8.4. METHODS 186
8.5. ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS 190
8.6. THE FUTURE FOR DSS POLICY FORMULATION SUPPORT 193
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 197
CHAPTER 9. THE CLAIMANT ADVICE SYSTEMS 198
9.1. COMMON THEMES 199
9.2. THE CLAIMANT INFORMATION SYSTEMS TEAM 201
9.3. THE FORMS HELPER 201
9.4. THE ADVICE SYSTEM 204
9.5. OTHER EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS 212
CHAPTER 10. MANAGING A LARGE COLLABORATIVE PROJECT 214
10.1. ORGANIZATION 214
10.2. CULTURE 216
10.3. DESIGN CONTROL 217
10.4. COMMUNICATION 218
10.5. THE PROJECT DOCUMENTATION (PD) SYSTEM 220
10.6. PLANNING 220
10.7. TRAINING 221
10.8. DEMONSTRATIONS 221
10.9. EXTERNAL 222
10.10. LESSONS 223
PART IV. ISSUES 224
CHAPTER 11. ANALYSING TEXTS FOR KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS 228
11.1 TARGETING 229
11.2. THE DOMAIN 234
11.3. REPRESENTATION AND INFERENCING 237
11.4. KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS AND KB DESIGN 239
11.5. STRATEGIES ADOPTED IN DEVELOPING AND BUILDING KNOWLEDGE BASES 255
11.6. CONCLUSIONS 259
CHAPTER 12. KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION FOR LEGAL APPLICATIONS 260
12.1. INTRODUCTION 260
12.2. PHASES IN A LEGAL KBS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 261
12.3. ISOMORPHISM TO LEGISLATION 264
12.4. ADEQUACY OF EXISTING PARADIGMS 266
12.5. DEFINITIONS 267
12.6. USEFULNESS OF FRAMES 269
12.7. INCOMPLETE INFORMATION AND VAGUENESS 270
12.8. THE ALVEY-DHSS DEMONSTRATOR TOOLKIT 270
12.9. POSSIBLE FUTURE WORK 275
12.10. CONCLUSION 277
CHAPTER 13. MIXED INITIATIVE INTERACTION 280
13.1. INTRODUCTION 280
13.2. DIMENSIONS OF MIXED INITIATIVE INTERACTION 281
13.3. MIXED INITIATIVE INTERACTION WITH THE FORMS HELPER I 283
13.4. MIXED INITIATIVE INTERACTION WITH FORMS HELPER II 290
13.5. MIXED INITIATIVE INTERACTION WITH THE ADVICE SYSTEM 294
13.6. CONCLUSION 308
CHAPTER 14. GROUP DECISION MAKING 310
14.1. POLICY MAKING WITHIN THE DSS — THE NATURE 310
14.2. POLICY MAKING WITHIN THE DSS — THE NATURE 311
14.3. ISSUES IN GROUP WORKING 312
14.4. THE POTENTIAL FOR COMPUTER SUPPORT FOR 317
14.5. EVALUATING THE POLICY SYSTEM 321
14.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 323
CHAPTER 15. ORGANIZATIONAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS 324
15.1. INTRODUCTION 324
15.2. STAGES 326
15.3. CONCLUSIONS 341
CHAPTER 16. KBS APPLIED TO LAW: A FRAMEWORK FOR DISCUSSION 344
16.1. INTRODUCTION 344
16.2. SICKNESS BENEFIT 345
16.3. CONCLUSION 357
BIBLIOGRAPHY 358
Index 380