Principles of Fermentation Technology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Principles of Fermentation Technology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Dedication 6
Acknowledgements 8
CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO FERMENTATION PROCESSES 20
The range of fermentation processes 20
The chronological development of the fermentation industry 24
The component parts of a fermentation process 28
References 29
CHAPTER 2. MICROBIAL GROWTH KINETICS 32
Batch culture 32
Continuous culture 35
Fed-batch culture 46
References 50
CHAPTER 3. THE ISOLATION, PRESERVATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT MICRO-ORGANISMS 54
The isolation of industrially important micro-organisms 54
The preservation of industrially important micro-organisms 61
The improvement of industrial micro-organisms 62
The improvement of industrial strains by modifying properties other than the yield ofproduc 98
Summary 104
References 104
CHAPTER 4. MEDIA FOR INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATIONS 112
Introduction 112
Typical media 113
Medium formulation 113
Water 116
Energy sources 116
Carbon sources 116
Nitrogen sources 120
Minerals 121
Growth factors 123
Nutrient recycle 124
Buffers 124
The addition of precursors and metabolic regulators to media 124
Oxygen requirements 127
Antifoams 128
Medium optimization 129
References 135
CHAPTER 5. STERILIZATION 142
Introduction 142
Medium sterilization 142
The design of batch sterilization processes 148
The design of continuous sterilization processes 151
Sterilization of the fermenter 156
Sterilization of the feeds 156
Sterilization of liquid wastes 156
Filter sterilization 156
References 164
CHAPTER 6. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INOCULA FOR INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATIONS 166
Introduction 166
Criteria for the transfer of inoculum 168
The development of inocula for yeast processes 170
The development of inocula for bacterial processes 172
The development of inocula for mycelial processes 174
The aseptic inoculation of plant fermenters 181
References 183
CHAPTER 7. DESIGN OF A FERMENTER 186
Introduction 186
Basic functions of a fermenter for microbial or animal cell culture 187
Aseptic operation and containment 188
Body construction 191
Aeration and agitation 197
The achievement and maintenance of aseptic conditions 204
Valves and steam traps 211
Other fermentation vessels 218
Animal cell culture 225
References 229
CHAPTER 8. INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL 234
Introduction 234
Methods of measuring process variables 235
On-line analysis of other chemical factors 246
Control systems 247
Computer applications in fermentation technology 253
References 258
CHAPTER 9. AERATION AND AGITATION 262
Introduction 262
The oxygen requirements of industrial fermentations 262
Oxygen supply 265
Determination of KLa values 266
Fluid rheology 271
Factors affecting KLa values in fermentation vessels 273
The balance between oxygen supply and demand 286
Scale-up and scale-down 288
References 291
CHAPTER 10. THE RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION OF FERMENTATION PRODUCTS 296
Introduction 296
Removal of microbial cells and other solid matter 299
Foam separation 299
Precipitation 299
Filtration 300
Centrifugation 306
Cell disruption 311
Liquid-liquid extraction 315
Solvent recovery 318
Two-phase aqueous extraction 319
Supercritical fluid extraction 320
Chromatography 320
Membrane processes 323
Drying 324
Crystallization 326
Whole broth processing 326
References 327
CHAPTER 11. EFFLUENT TREATMENT 332
Introduction 332
Dissolved oxygen concentration as an indicator of water quality 333
Site surveys 333
The strengths of fermentation effluents 334
Treatment and disposal of effluents 335
Disposal 336
Treatment processes 337
By-products 345
References 346
CHAPTER 12. FERMENTATION ECONOMICS 350
Introduction 350
Isolation of micro-organisms of potential industrial interest 351
Strain improvement 352
Market potential 353
Some effects of legislation on production of antibiotics and recombinant proteins in the U.S.A. 355
Plant and equipment 355
Media 358
Air sterilization 359
Heating and cooling 359
Aeration and agitation 360
Batch-process cycle times 361
Continuous culture 362
Recovery costs 362
Water usage and recycling 363
Effluent treatment 364
References 365
Index 370